Figure 1. The Getty Caligula/Augustus showing facial landmarks identified in frontal and profile photos.v vertex highest point of head
g glabella most prominent point between the eyebrows
op opisthocranion situated in the occipital region of the head is most distant from the glabella
eu eurion most prominent lateral point on each side of the skull in the area of the parietal and temporal bones
tr trichion point on the hairline in the midline of the forehead
zy zygion most lateral point of each of the zygomatic
go gonion most lateral point on the mandibural
sl sublabiale Determines the lower border of the lower lip or the upper border of the chin
pg pogonion most anterior midpoint of the chin, located on the skin surface in the front of the identical bony landmark of the mandible
gn menton (or gnathion) lowest median landmark on the lower border of the mandible
en endocanthion point at the inner commissure of the eye fissure
ex exocanthion (or ectocanthion) point at the outer commissure of the eye fissure
p center point of pupil Is determined when the head is in the rest position and the eye is looking straight forward
or orbitale lowest point on the lower margin of each orbit
ps palpebrale superius highest point in the midportion of the free margin of each upper eyelid
n nasion intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones
pi palpebrale inferius lowest point in the midportion of the free margin of each lower eyelid
os orbitale superius highest point on the lower border of the eyebrow
sci superciliare highest point on the upper border in the midportion of each eyebrow
se sellion (or subnasion) Is the deepest landmark located on the bottom of the nasofrontal angle
al alare most lateral point on each alar contour
prn pronasale most protruded point of the apex nasi
sn subnasale midpoint of the angle at the columella base where the lower border of the nasal septum and the surface of the upper lip meet
sbal subalare point at the lower limit of each alar base, where the alar base disappears into the skin of the upper lip
ac alar curvature (alar crest) point most lateral point in the curved base line of each ala
ls labiale (or labrale) superius midpoint of the upper vermillion line
li labiale (or labrale) inferius midpoint of the lower vermillion line
ch cheilion point located at each labial commissure
sto stomion Intersection of vertical facial midline and horizontal labial fissure between closed lips
sa superaurale highest point of the free margin of the auricle
sba subaurale lowest point of the free margin of the ear lobe
pa postaurale most posterior point on the free margin of the ear
obi otobasion infrious point of attachment of the ear lobe to the cheek
po porion (soft) highest point of the upper margin of the cutaneous auditory meatus
t tragion notch on the upper margin of the tragus