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[Ulysses]

Dr. Kiszely - A Magyar Ember (2004)

I. Types characteristic of Magyars

I.1. The Turanian type

The most descriptive type of Magyars, the Turanid type, was first defined by J. Deniker, who described it as "race turco-tatare" while accurately characterising the inhabitants of Turkestan and Kazakhstan. Several Soviet authors (G. Debetz, V. Ginzburg, M. Levin, N. Cheboksarov etc.) defined it as a South-Siberian type. A. Hadon tagged it "race turki" and "South-Siberian race" and correctly (after Johann Blumenbach) saw its most classic representatives in the Uyghurs. Hцlder spoke of a "Turanian race". G. Montandon, Keith and Egon v. Eickstedt described it in this form (as we know today, correctly) as a fully Europid type, in which only few Mongolid features could be found. At that time, physical anthropologists had no knowledge of the inhabitants of Inner Asia. Not knowing those belonging to the "real" Turanid type, they committed numerous mistakes while placing this type. Ilse Schwidetzky attributed it to Pamirid-Sinid origins, while others thought it derived from type native to Central Asia since the Bronze Age. W. Kocka saw some kind of Pamirid elements in it and V. Giuffrida-Ruggieri (1912) also dealt with Turanid inhabitants of South Turkestan among Europids.

As the Turanid type of the Carpathian Basin often contains numerous Pamirid elements as well, the Mongolid features of Turanids are quite weak. The reason is that the Magyars had long left Central Asia before the 13th century, where those of Turanid type were heavily affected by Mongol influence later on. This foreign influence was especially felt in Kazakhstan and among the Asian Turanids living along the Silk Road. European researchers stumbled upon this type when researching Central Asia and even then they noticed two similar, but distinct forms. The Northern type was termed Turanid and the Southern one Aralid (Egon von Eickstedt). The Southern type was later called Pamirid or Pamiro-Ferghanian or Central Asian Between-the-Rivers type after A. Jarcho (1933), which led to a series of other misnomers and misunderstandings in international scientific literature. Bartucz Lajos (1938) correctly judged the place of the Turanid type when he wrote that "The Turanid type can be found among Caucasian Avars, Georgians and Lezgians as well, therefore it belongs to the Europid race, on the other hand containing only slight traces of the Mongolid race..." The final place of this type was defined by Liptбk Pбl. Representatives of the Turanid type show a varied picture sorted by landscapes and histroical epochs. In reality, Turkic people of of Turanid type appear varied in Inner Asia, among the Huns, among the Avars, the Avars, the Proto-Magyars, the Cumans and among contemporary Magyars.

The most charcteristic type among Magyars is the Turanid or Turanian type. If a large group of Magyars appear abroad, the ones belonging to this type will be thought of as most characteristically Magyar. The ancient habitat of the Turanid type is "the Heart of Asia"( the brim of the Gobi Desert, East Turkestan, the Jungarian Basin and the fringe of the Takla Makan; the area of Kashgar and Yarkent), from where it spread among equestrian nomads migrating from Inner Asia (Kyrgyz, Kazak, Tьrkmen, Uzbek, tatar, Hun, Avar, Bolghar, Uyghur, Magyar, Pecheneg and Cuman peoples). In our days it is the most characterstic type in Inner Asia ("the Heart of Asia"), in East Turkestan, the Kyrgyz Steppe; mixtures of it with Mongolid type is representative of the inhabitants of Central Asia. Apart from Inner Asia, it is found among peoples living in the Turan Plain, the Kyzyl Kum,the Kazak Ridge until the Altai and Pamir. The wide world of the steppes belonged to equestrian nomads and herders; many peoples wandered to this area and mixed with authochtonous inhabitants, Turkic peoples of Turanid type. Many Turanids found their way in the direction of Persia, where they mixed with Turkoman peoples. They reached as far south as India, where their physical charactersistics were preserved by the Marathis. Their southernmost point of penetration was Blauchistan, where their presence is detectable even today. Along with peoples expanding westwards, they reached Europe, reaching the middle part of the Volga with the Proto-Bolghars where they mixed with East European elements. In Asia Minor they are present among Ottoman Turks. Furthermore, they are also found in the Caucasus; entering the shore of the Black Sea, Dobruja and Bulgaria with Turkic peoples- primarily with Bolghar Turks and Khazars.

Individuals of Turanid type in the Carpathian Basin can probably first be determined among Sarmatians, later arrving with the Huns, but more "Asian" versions are to be found in Avar graves. They arrived in greatest strength with Бrpбd's people (i.e. Magyars, AK), Pechenegs and the Cumans into the Carpathian Basin and ,in effect, into Central Europe. At the time of the Honfoglalбs (i.e. 896 AD, AK) a siginficant portion of those buried in more prestigious graves was of this type. In its purest form today in the Carpathian Basin, it can be found in Greater and Smaller Cumania, among the Palуc and in a few groups in Transdanubia. Previously -a misbelief- those of Turanid type were judged to be significantly more "Mongolid" than today. Those belonging to this type have underwent a major change in body type since the Honfoglalбs. The researchers -until they came to know the autochtonous Turkic population of Inner Asia- argued that "Turanids in Hungary mellowed out and became Europeanised, which on one hand is made entirely plausible by the 2000 year-old separation from Mongolid soil and the thousand year-old mixing with primarily related Europid forms in this homeland; on the other hand proving that the base of this race was never purely Mongolid, rather even in the beginning a characteristically intermediate form..." (Bartucz Lajos 1938 pp. 418-419). This monarchal statement of Bartucz Lajos' holds scrutiny only in part, as the Inner Asian Turkic Uyghur cemeteries of Astana proved that hardly any morphological difference can be determined between individuals buried in Inner Asian (East Turkestani) graves and Turanids of Hungary. The population (in East Turkestan, AK.), contrary to all prior misbelief, was fully Europid, which it still is today.

Turanid forms in Hungary, due to cohabiting with other groups -mainly arriving with Magyars journeying from Inner Asia through Central Asia- show numerous mixtures and intermediate forms in the direction of Pamirid and Taurid are nigh impossible to count. Liptбk Pбl classed the Alfцldi or Magyar type (the frequency of which he estimated to be as high as 39% in some Honfoglalбs-era cemeteries) as Turanid. The Turanid type is prevalent among the inhabitants of Hungary even today; according to different authors (Bartucz Lajos, Henkey Gyula, Fehйr Miklуs, Kiszely Istvбn etc.) those of "pure" Turanid type are estimated at 15-20% and the figure of those of mixed type (primarily together with the 20-25% belonging to the Alfцldi or Magyar type) is put at 30-40%.

The body type of Turanids is harmonic, of "handsome" proportions, "gracile", agile; bones of the extremities are thin and proportionate. The trunk is moderately long, the extremities are somewhat short compared to the European norm. The shoulders are often broad. The height of men at the end of the 20th century when the great anthropological surveys were made is medium or medium-tall, between 166-169 cm, although individuals of far greater height exist. According to Henkey Gyula, the average height for men can reach 171,43 cm, women being 10-11 cm shorter. (Body height, due to ongoing decrease of retardation, has on the rise in recent times). The head is usually short or pronouncedly short -the cephalic index- varies between 82 and 85, medium-high, moderately broad, the occiput is short but not as flat as in the case of Dinarids, but slightly portruding. The comparatively "large" head as in relation to the whole body broadens at the back, reaching its broadest point at the middle of the head. The cranium is medium-high, the perimeter of the skull rising steeply and moderately curving upwards. The bony brow is weakly developed.

The big and moderately high and broad face as in relation to the whole head is a bit falt in appearance, its shape somewhere between oval and a rounded off square, narrowing downwards, an impression caused by the well-developped zygomatic arch that portrudes somewhat. This "flatness" of the face, beside the prominence of the zygomatics is further enhanced by the well developped fat pad. This causes the mid-face to portrude somewhat, making it Mongoliform. The sulcus nasolabialis is deep, as a consequence of which the lower part of the nose broadens slightly. The medium-broad nose projects a bit from the plane of the face, but not too large, usually straight and sometimes a bit crooked. The alar sidewall belnds in with the plane of the face; the nose is of definitely European nature despite the developped nostrils. A relatively small, noarrow eyeslit is characteristic; the inner corners of the eye situated somewhat lower than the outer ones. The eyeslit is high and rounded off, somewhat oblique, which gives the face a Mongoliform impression. The eyes, especially among women, are sparkling; the distance between the eyes is massive. The "Mongol fold" is frequent in infancy. This ceases after a few months, but the inner corners of the eye remain to be lower than the outer ones. The eyebrow is low and usually straight. The jaw is usually small, dominant, short and broad, the point of the chin small but pronounced; the fron teeth are medium sized or small. The mouth is small in comparison to the rest of the head, the lips narrow or average, not full but closed and forming a rather straight line. The ears are small and hugging the body. Body hair, while not as developped as in the case of the Hither-Asiatic type, is of definitely Europid nature. The complexion is dark; the hair being dark brown or black, thick textured with thick individual hairs, not rigid; straight or somewhat wavy. Beard and moustache growth is moderate; facial hair is dark. Skin colour is somewhat yellowish-brown, they eyes dark brown or blackish, especially shining among women. Individuals of this type are prone to obesity in old age. The scant Mongolid features are more noticeable in women than men.

A "coarser" variant of this type mixed with an ancient Cromagnid type, known as the "Andronovo" type, is common as well and characteristic of certain Central Asian peoples. Body type is more robust in this variant, the stature being higher (average height of men around 172-173 cm), the face broader, the jaw more massive and the brow more developped than the "classic" Turanid type. This variant poses as an intermediate between the Turanid and the Alfцldi types. The mixture of The Turanid type with Dinarid was described in 1974 in the region of Lajosmizse by Henkey Gyula, who also pulished the description of the Caspian variant in 1962, after his observations in Lajosmizse.

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I.2. The Alföldi (Magyar) type

The Alföldi type is a variation of the Turanid type that developped in the Carpathian Basin; its frequency possibly reaches up 30-35% in Little Cumania. The occurence of the variation of the Turanid type developped in the Great Plain of the Carpathian Basin is usually given together with the Turanid type as 30-40% of the country's population, the Alföldi type (-variation) reaching around 15-20% (according to Bartucz Lajos even 20-25%). As a separate type (-variation), it has only been described by Hungarian authors. "The variation of the Turanid type bound to the soil of our homeland and most certainly developped here is what I had previously referred to as 'Caucasian Mongolid', and which I have named 'Alföldi race' (Homo pannonicus) as of late, as its most typical representatives are found on the great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubia. At the same time, this is the racial type which fits the honouring description of the 'Magyar type', as it is nowhere else in the world to be found in this form and, mainly, together with this physiognomy..." reads Bartucz Lajos (1938 p.419).

According to Bartucz Lajos, "this Alföldi race" is the most frequent, most widespread and most characteristic racial element in Magyars, that reaches an occurrence of up to 35-40% around the middle flow of the Tisza river and certain regions of Transdanubia (Zala, Somogy, the Balaton area, Csallóköz). "Considering the large blood loss especially this active racial component of the national body was subjected to for centuries, we can estimate its frequency among Proto-Magyars and Árpád-era Hungary (i.e. 1000-1301 AD, AK) to have been even higher, at least 30-35%..." According to Henkey Gyula, the occurrence of the Alföldi type varies between 31,1-34,5% by region. Mixed types -epecially with Pamirid and Taurid- between the Danube and the Tisza, in Zala, in Somogy, among autochtonous people of the Balaton region, in Gyor-Moson-Sopron county, in Csallóköz and Transylvania account for a quite large portion of the population. Peculiar regional varieties of the Alföldi type have developped. This type is quite frequent among autochtonous Magyars even today; individuals of this type were classified as Turanid previously and called the "Turkic Magyar type".

Medium-tall stature but relatively short limbs are characteristic, but the trunk isn't disproportionately large. The outlines of the body are rather soft than hard, but firm nevertheless. At the middle and end of the 20th century, during the period of the large anthropological survey the average height of men was measured at 165-166 cm; it is greater today. The head is of relatively large size, the middle portion with the zygomata is more pronounced than in the case of the Turanid type, and thus portrudes more significantly from the plane of the face. The cranium is large compared to the face; the face takes the shape of a slightly elongated square strongly rounded off, that is significantly lessened by the cranium. The steep forehead and the cranial vault are large, the occiput portrudes slightly. The face is not flat, because its frontal outline is twice broken by 1) the strongly projecting zygomatic arch and 2) the nose that emerges significantly from the middle of the face and has a strongly developped root. The bridge of the nose is narrower than that in Turanids, not too large and straight but can be somwhat crooked. The eyes are somewhat larger than those of Turanids with a larger eyeslit and, together with the hair, usually dark brown in colour. The face is ruddy brown, both skin and eyes having a "vivid tone". "The face usually bears a specifically bright and amiable expression, a characteristic pointed out by all foreign describers. In both men and women it is a handsome type...the Alföldi type is definitely a progressive and with all its heaviness a gracile type..." reads Bartucz Lajos (1938 p.421).

Henkey Gyula (2003), on the basis of his observations in Fülöpszállás, Szabadszállás, Homokmégy and Szakmár), showed, as a subvariation within the Alföldi type, a Turanid from close to the Alföldi type of pronouncedly tall stature, more massive body type, greater proportions of the head, even broader face and even more projecting zygomata. This form was first described as Henkey as "Turanid type with Andronovo characteristics", which he has taken to calling North Kazakhstan variant as of late and considers an extreme form of the Magyar Alföldi type.

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I.3. The Pamirian type

On the Southern part of the spread of Turanid types, L. Osanyin specified a Pamirid type, which typologically takes its place between Turanid and Armenid, but there are other views acoording to which it evolved from a mixture of Andronovo and Orientalid types. It is possible that it developed from the Indo-Afghan type through brachycephalisation. The area of its forming can be considered to lie between the Land of the Seven Rivers (Semirechye) and Iran (Persia); it is usually associated Iranic-speaking peoples. Its classical homeland today is the area of the Pamir, the Tian Shan, the Altai, the Amu- and Syr Darya as well as the Iranian Plateau; it is a type most common among Tajiks, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks. A great number of people belonging to this phenotype have been found in the Uyghur cemetery in Astana, but it is also characteristic of Hunnic cemeteries in the Tian Shan. Bartucz Lajos discusses the Pamirid type within Turanid, and understands it is a mixture of Armenid with Turanid. Measurements of the head and bizygomatic breadth approach those of Turanid in in the case of Pamirid forms appearing among Proto-Magyars; people of similar appearance now live in the Rбbakцz (Farбd) for example.

According to Bartucz Lajos, the Pamirid type appears 60-65% of the time as Pamiro-Taurid of great-medium stature, 20% as a Pamiro-Armenid mix of small to medium stature and only apporximately 15-20% can be attributed to its appearance in "stand-alone", "pure" form. The type was carried into Europe from the Iranian Plateau by Scythians in the 7th-6th century BC, by Sarmatians around the time of the Birth of Christ, and into the Carpathian Basin by Jassic people arriving around 1235 AD. As a consequence, they make up a part of "autochtonous Magyars" It also possibly arrived into the Carpathian Basin with the Huns (the number of "authentic" Hun graves is small), but it is frequent among Avars and mainly among Proto-Magyars, where it most often occurs together with Taurid and Turanid types. One of the characteristic types of Magyars of the Alfцld, its frequency in both pure and mixed forms is around 10-15%. This was the type reproduced by artists and photographers when they immortalised 19th century Magyar excavators and agriculturalists from the Alfцld. They are the "scrawny-faced Alfцld peasants"; their features are especially striking among older men.

The stature is greater than that of the Turanid type; medium or great. The average height of men is 168-170 cm or above (the Hungarian average being 168,94 cm for men and 157,54 cm for women). The body type is meagre, slim. The round head is relatively small and quite short- the cephalic index being around 85 on average- broad or medium, the occiput slightly curved or flat, with a characteristic flatness of the lambda. The forehead is steep and medium-high, the bony brow weakly developped or average, and higher than that of the Taurid or Dinarid types. The face narrows downwards and is medium-narrow (lepto-mesoprosopic), the relatively narrow or medium nose projects significantly from the plane of the face; we can speak of moderate alveolar prognathy. The cheekbones, in a manner similar to previous types- are strong, the fossa canina, moderately filled, the jaw robust and projecting. The complexion is dark; the eyes being either dark or mixed ("greenish"), the hair is of a dark brown-black, the latter is greasy to the touch, thinly spread and individually thick. This characteristic of the hair has been depicted often as well. Skin colour is moderately light.

The frequency of Pamiridsis 25,0% in Zalacsйb, Transdanubia; 24,5% in Dudar, 24,3% in Oriszentpйter, in Йrsekcsanбd between the Danube and Tisza rivers 22,1%, Szentkirбly in Vas county 21,3%, Nбdъjfalu in Palуcfцld 21,9%, Mбtraderecske 20,6%, Szamosszeg in the Trans-Tisza region 31,3%, Kisъjszбllбs 26,8%, Dцge 24,2%, Zoborvidйk in the Upper Lands (i.e. modern Slovakia, AK) 21,9%, Martos and Kamocha 21,1%, Nagydobrony in Transcarpathia 24,8%, among Szйkelys in Csнkszentgyцrgy and Bбnkfalva 17,7%, and in Gidуfalva and Bodok 16,3%.

As in the case of the variant from the Iranian Plateau, a lighter complexioned version is common as well; among these individuals, the eyes are a light grey. Its highest frequency is on the Great Hungarian Plain (i.e. Alfцld, AK), but many individuals of Pamirid type live in some regions of Transdanubia and Transylvania. In the Upper Lands, mixed forms are more likely to occur. In the Southern Lands (i.e. Voivodina in modern Serbia, AK), this type has been mixed with the autochtonous Dinarid type characteristic of Serbs; in the region between the Danube and Tisza rivers, the occurrence of Pamirid-Hither-Asiatic mixed forms is common. Mixed or intermediate forms with Turanid are quite widespread, in which case proportions of the head are larger, the face broader and the zygomatics portruding. The Pamirid type in its mixed forms with Turanid is most frequent in Fajsz around Kalocsa, around Dunaszentbenedek, in Palуcfцld -mainly Mбtraderecske and Egerbocs. (Henkey Gyula, 1979, 1980).

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I.4. The Taurid (Anatolian) type

The old moniker of this type, "Caucasian type" has led to many misunderstandings, as its occurrance is not at all typical in the Caucasus. Hereafter, many wrong terms such as "Hettite race", "Alarod race", "Anatolian race", "Assyrian race", "Armenoid race" saw the daylight, since one of its subtypes is found among Armenians as well. After R. Khérumian, the Taurid type is nothing more than a specific variety of the Dinarid and Armenid types. Its first scientific description originates from F. v. Luschan. Statues and busts from Hettite palaces testify that it used to be the predominant type of this region in the II. millenium B.C.; the inhabitants of the region today are identical in appearance to those of the past. This type was often depicted in West Siberian and Central Asian peoples. It is especially common among Sarmatian findings. Its range spreads across the eastern parts of Hither Asia, the Tauros mountains, Iran, Trans-Caucasia, the estern reaches of Anatolia, North Persia, Mesopotamia and Syria, but it is found in virtually every corner of Southern Europe as well. People with this phenotype live in Serbia, Switzerland, Tirol, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia and Transylvania.

In the Carpathian Basin, we encounter this type mainly among Scythians, Sarmationas and Avars, but skeletons resembling the Taurid type have also been found among Honfoglalás-era Magyars. Later, they entered the country in greater numbers with the Jassic people. This type has always played a major role in the composition of Magyars. Travelling northward its presence thins. Its frequency in the Carpathian Basin is at 4-5% according to Bartucz Lajos, 10-15% between the Danube and the Tisza and could be as high as 30% among the Hajdús (group in the Northern Hungarian Plain, AK.). Taking into consideration its mixtures with ither types, we won't err much if we estimate its occurrance at between 8-10% of Magyars. Henkey Gyula esimated its nationwide frequency at 8% and divided the type into two groups by its origins, the first of which he (erraneously) christened "Caucasian type", enrolling 5,4% f Magyras here, naming the second variety (again, fallaciously) as "Dinarid", which he estimated at 2,6% of the population. According to Bartucz, this type occurs at a frequency of 14,1% among Little Cumans and 11,3% among the inhabitatnts around Baja. People of Taurid type live among the local survivors of Little Cumans, Jassic people amd the Kabars. It is freuqnt in Transylvania, the southern Hungarian Plain, in Little Cumania, Greater Cumania as well as in the southern part of Transdanubia, where its occurrance can reach 15%. The so-called "Dinarid" variant is mainly respresented among "pastoral peoples" - the Jassics and thosefrom the Rábaköz. Stature is higher in this variety, the head larger but quite short and the nose bridges portrudes markedly from the plane of the face.

The body type of this group is generally proportinal, stocky rather than gracile, massive, medium-strong at a younger age. Shoulder breadth is remarkable; the body type seems "strong", clumsy in old age, legs and arms are relatively short. Men and women are equally prone to gaining weight. Body height is usually medium, 164-166 cm among men living in historical ages; significantly greater these days at above 167 cm. The head is decideldly short, CI averaging 85, but regionally as high as 91-92. The head is high, the forehead very or moderately broad and receding, the nape is slightly flat, sometimes somewhat portruding. The outline of the head broadens towards the back, reaching its highest point above the ears, when it drops abruptly. The lambda region is somewhat flat. Compared to the back of the skull, the forehead is narrow. The brow is well-developped and bony. The face is mid-tall, the zygomata somewhat broad due to the position of the zygomata, narrowing downward, the lower region of the face is almost as high as in the Dinarid type, only strongly receding. The whole of the face is straight in position; orthognathic. Most characteristic of this type is the mid.broad or broad, large, fleshy, usually strongly bent nose that projects firmly from the plane of the face. The nose is always broader than the one occurring in Dinarids, possibly even exlicitly borad, its tip dipping. The brodge of the nose sometimes even reaches the level of the upper lip. The outer nostrils are situated high, stretching toward the front, sidewards flat or weakly bulging, the nostrils narrow, stretching toward the front, the septum reaching foraward and downward, clearly visible from the side. The eyes appear small alongside the large nose, the lid of the upper eye weakly developped or frequrntlymissing altogether. The fossa canina is marked, the palate high. The jaw is strong in all parts. The mouth is large, the lips relatively thick, the upper lip situated in front of the lower one. The eyes appear to be small, the ears distant, unibrows are frequent. Richness of pigment is even more significant than in the Dinarid type, the eyes and hair are dark, brown-black, the skin is a light brown with a yellow teint. The hair is coarse, straight or wavy. Body hair is strongly developped, beard and brows thick. Several variants of this type have developped according to its place of origin.

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II.1. The Osteuropid (East Baltic or Preslav type)

As far back as in 1872, Frau Royer, then Rudolf Wirchow in 1874 called experts' attention to a European type that G. Retius described as the "Tavastian type" among Finns and that Julius Kollmann characterised as a "chamaeprosopic brachycephalic race" (short-faced, short-headed race). It was described as "eastern race" (race orientale) by J. Deniker and separated a "Vistula type" as one of its variants. Sergio Sergi (1908) named it Homo arcticus fennicus, E. Chepurovskiy (1903) the Valday type, J. Czekanowski the Preslav or Beta type, C. Coon the "Ladogan type" including a "Danubian" variation therein which according to him was strongly mixed with the autochtonous Mediterranean population here. V. Bunak proposed the designation "Baltic type", H. Pöch the "fair Eastern race", N. Nordenstreng (1926) the East Baltid race, the latter of which found acceptance in the field and adopted the moniker "Osteuropid" from Egon v. Eickstedt as an alternative.

This type developped in Eastern Europe (in the area of the Botten Bay, between the upper flow of the Dniepr and the lower flow of the Vistula), presumably from proto-Euopean - Cromagnoid - type, alternatively evolving due to brachycephalisation and mixing with other groups; we can name them the "indigenous inhabitants" of this area. The so-called "proto-Baltics" comprised the Bronze Age population of the Russian Plain. (A handful of Russian authors argues the East Baltics originated in Western Siberia). The spread of the Baltic type is sizeable, occurring from the Northern Sea to the Balkans and the Eastern reaches of France all the way to the Urals, even Western Siberia in various proportions, but most characteristic of the inhabitants of the Eastern shores of the Baltic Sea and the Eastern European Plain. Today, a large portion of the population in Belarus, the Valday Hills, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Upper Volga, Poland, and the Eastern parts of Germany - East Prussia, Silesia, Brandenburg and East Saxony can be counted here. According to B. Skerlj, the Baltic type appears among Slovenes and Croats as well. In the Northern parts of Russia, it is represented in forms strongly mixed with Nordic, elsewhere with Alpine and Dinaric types, occurring among Croats, Slovaks and 13% of Slovenes as well. Its frequency was estimated by Matiegka at 20% in the Czech Republic and at 15% in Austria by Lebzelter.

The Huns, Avars and the people of Árpád arrived into the Carpathian Basin crossing areas inhabited by Eastern European and Eastern Baltic peoples. The presence of the Baltid type among the Avars is documented in the Avar graves at Üllő, Kiskőrös, Balatonfűzfő, Bakonykoppány, Öskű, Keszthely etc. Our forefathers came into contact with these Eastern European peopls in Levédia and Etelköz and parts of them - naturally - intermarried with them and carrying those of Baltic type into the Carpathian Basin. J. Kollmann wrote the following about the Osteuropid type in Hungary: "Surely, before the ethnogenesis of the Magyars was complete, they soaked up this link from another race...". Baltic types appear in Hungary from early on, its proportions among the graves in the Alföld reaching 4%; primarily represented in graves containing averagely wealthy or poor pieces of grave furniture. Today it is mainly found in every part of the country in mixed forms, most common in the Northeastern parts of the Alföld, the Bükk and Mátra Hills, the Cserhát as well as in Nógrád, Heves, Borsod, Zemplén and Szabolcs counties as well as in territory inhabited by the Plóc group, but popping up relatively frequently in Zala, Győr-Sopron and Komárom counties as well as in the Csallóköz, its occurrance gradually fading southward. The proportions of East Baltics grows nearing the re-settled hillside, reaching its peak among Slovaks from Palócföld at 14,5%. It is omni-present on the Alföld with varying frequency. The total East Baltic presence is below 10% together with its mixed forms, although Bartucz Lajos, influenced by his Finno-Ugrist academic career and by his German colleagues, determined its occurrance - falsely, as we know today - at 20%. The least frequency of East Baltic Magyars can be found in the Kunság and the Southern parts of the country. This type was totally absent from certain territories inhabited by Magyars from the 10th century; gaining access to these areas as a consequence of settlement and immigration. A clear distinction can be made between the local, 1500 year-old often heavily mixed type on one hand and the so-called "East Slavic" type characteristic of a part of Slovaks on the other. Hair colour is mainly borwn among Magyars of East Blatic type. Anonymus (cryptic medieval chronicler, author of the Gesta Hungarorum - AK.) writes in a passage: "Zulta, similar in morals to his father, differed from him significantly in physique, as Clan Elder Zulta was somewhat lisping and white-skinned with soft yellow hair, and of medium stature..." Bél Mátyás described this type among Magyars of the Csallóköz in the following manner: "Stocky, of low stature with grey-blue eyes, dark-faced from being used to the sun, that is, one that tans well...". The appearance of this type in the Carpathian Basin - as it does not appear west of here - inspired great many enthusiastic painters and poets toconsider it "the Magyar" type. Erroneously, on Kollmann's lead, this is how Benczúr Gyula, then living in Munich, portrayed "the Magyar man" and this what writers referred to when they said: "neither blond nor brunet, pale is how the Magyar is set". The primary reason for this was that East Baltic individuals in in the Carpathian Basin display "watered-down" Eastern European features as they have mixed with the more distant elements -i.e. those typical of Magyars.

The body type of East Baltics is "portly", heavy set, "broad", seeming somewhat clumsy, shoulder breadth is huge, musculature well-developped - the tendons being rough and strong - the libs are relatively short; body height is mid-small to medium, somewhat smaller than that of the Alpine type. The average height of men averaged around 163-165 cm, significantly greater today at around 170 cm, in the mid-tall category. The head is rather large, moderately long or short, of "rough" stamping, "square", relatively large compared to the body. Cephalic Index is around 78-82, reaching 81-85 in areas earliest to be inzhabited by East Blatics. The forehead is large, broad, the are of the parietal bone is wide, the ociiput does not portrude but is curved nevertheless, the protubernatia occipitalis (occipital bun) is rounded off. The face is more dominant than the cranium. The whole of the face is low, very broad, large, square and coarse; quite striking in men, somewhat similar to the proto-European (cro-magnoid) type, the facial index averaging 88. The face at times imparts a flat impression due to the well-developped, laterally strongly projecting and flat zygomatic arch, its outlines not being round, rather narrowing up-and downward from the zygomatic arch in a diamond shape. The root of the nose is relatively flat, the nose is relatively small (short), standing out of the plane of the face, nasal openings are short, broad, the bridge is concave ("snub") or straight, somewhat portruding, the ouer nostrils are short, broad, the nosetrils spacious, slanting to the side, the tip of the nose being blunt, relatively broad, distinctly upturned.

The eye sockets are relatively small, rectangular, the lower and upper edges being all but horizontal. The eyes are small compared to the face and often oblique as the inner corners of the eye are positioned lower than the exterior ones; the interorbital distance is huge, however.The fold of the upper lid frequently covers the inner corners of the eye, lending a Mongoliform impression to the eyes. The portusion of the mouth area - alveolar prognathy - is frequently encountered. The jaw is broad, large, rough, the point of the point of the chin moderately developped, "washed away", a small part of the gonia portruding to the side, creating an impression of a "square face" if viewed frontally. The mouth is large, the lips mid-thick, the bulbs of the upper lip weak, causing causing the lips to take on a straight or midly wavy instead of an arched shape. The East Baltic type is characterised by light complexion, although somewhat darker than in Nordics. The eyes are a greyish blue ("aqua-coloured"), grey, perhaps even a dark or light blue; the iris is black-grey or whiteish-blue, watery, referred to in folklore as "white eyes". The outer eye, with its darker shades is often a stark contrast to the inner eye. The hair is light, rather a pale greyish or ahen blond, with whitish-yellow, so-called flaxen shade being common in infancy, which lacks the rufous tones common in the Nordic type. The hair is coarse with strong hairs as are the weakly developped moustache and bears which often have a rufou tone to them. The eyebrows are weak, sparse, the chestm the arms and the thighs almost bare. The skin is fair with a slightly grey teint, tans well, thicker than that of the Nordic type and due to low viscosity having a greyish tone that sometimes passes into yellowish or olive-grey shades. The hair, skin and eyes are pale, "blunt", not shiny. The skin - primarily on the face - is strongly wrinkled in old age. The onset of puberty is rather late; aging by contrast sets in fairly early. The propensity to obesity is moderate.

[Ulysses]

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