10 ответов в этой теме

[eugene-march]

Звягин В.Н. Судебно-медицинская идентификация личности по черепу. Дисс. докт. мед. наук. М, 1981, т. 2, с.261-297.

Европеоиды женщины:

[eugene-march]

Европеоиды мужчины:

[ВИТ]

?
Большие и очень большие значения назомалярного и зигомаксилярного углов выходят за пределы европеоидных серий.
Очень малые значения угла выступания носа и симотической высоты - тоже.

Сами по себе таблицы интересны как диапазон значений у людей.

[eugene-march]

Монголоиды женщины.

[eugene-march]

Монголоиды мужчины.



http://www.sudmed.ru...&...ost&id=1739

[eugene-march]

Миклашевская Н.Н., 1964 год - таблица продольного и поперечного диаметров головы у мальчиков в зависимости от возраста (приведена в книге Пашковой). По национальностям: буряты, казахи, узбеки, украинцы, армяне.


Краниоскопические признаки по Пашковой:

Характерными признаками строения черепа для представителей каждой из трех больших рас являются:

Европеоидная раса — значительно выступающий в горизонтальной плоскости лицевой скелет; резко выступающий, узкий, с глубоким корнем нос; несколько направленные кзади скулы, средне или сильно развитые клыковые (собачьи) ямки .

Монголоидная раса — крупный череп с плоским, широким и высоким лицом; высокие орбиты; слабовыступающий с неглубоким корнем нос; хорошо развитые, выступающие скулы у американской группы и слабовыступающие — у азиатской группы; клыковые ямки не углублены или углублены очень мало; небо широкое.

Негроидная раса — широкий, слабовыступающий, с мало углубленным корнем нос; широкое грушевидное отверстие; умеренно выступающие скулы; выраженный альвеолярный прогнатизм.

Несмотря на то, что все человеческие расы связаны между собой целым рядом промежуточных типов, отдельные физические признаки строения тела, в том числе и черепа, характерные для представителей той или иной из больших рас, продолжают оставаться доминантными. Отсюда становится понятным, почему нельзя переносить краниометрические данные, типичные для одной группы населения, на другие, например, краниометрические показатели русских, т. е. представителей европеоидной расы, переносить на киргизов, т. е. представителей монголоидной расы. Более того, те или иные антропометрические показатели, в том числе и краниометрические, установленные для одной группы населения, мало пригодны или вовсе непригодны для других групп населения одной и той же расы

[ARARAJA]

Расовые особенности черепа по 3 основным расам

Европеоид


Монголоид


Негроид

Сообщение изменено: ARARAJA, 04 Январь 2011 - 20:55.

[ARARAJA]

Расовые особенности в краниологических показателях

[ARARAJA]

Мужской и женский черепа (европеоидная раса)


Мужской и женский черепа (монголоидная раса)


Мужской и женский черепа (негроидная раса)



Половые различия в краниологии

[ARARAJA]

Географические вариации наклона лба на территории Европы и Кавказа (краниологические данные). Мужские черепа (по В.П. Алексееву)



Географические вариации наклона лба
1 - 78°, 7-81°,4;
2 - 81°,5-84°2;
3 - 87°,0
4 - ареал северных европеоидов;
5 - ареал южных европеоидов

[eugene-march]

Caucasoid Face

El-Najjar and McWilliams (1978:74) describe the Caucasoid face as a "hatchet face" due to the fact that the face aligns vertically in the sagittal plane. There is little or no prognathism exhibited, because Caucasoids have an orthognathic face with little protrusion in the dental region of the skull (Bass 1995:88).

The malar bones (zygomatic bones) retreat in the Caucasoid skull which can make the skull appear somewhat "pointed" (Ubelaker 1989: 119). In the nasal region, Caucasoids possess a rather large and sharp nasal sill (Bass 1995:88). EI-Najjar and McWilliams (1978:74) describe the Caucasoid nasal root depression as well-marked, and mention that the "...superior ends of the nasal bones often seem to disappear beneath an overhanging projection at glabella". Gill (1986:148-149) refers to the Caucasoid nose as narrow with a long, straight nasal spine and large nasal bones.

Ubelaker (1989:119) describes the Caucasoid palate as narrow and triangular, as does Gill (1986:150) who also mentions that the palatine suture has sharp angles close to, but not on, the midline. El-Najjar and McWilliams (1978:74) and Gill (1986:149) both describe the Caucasoid orbital form as rounded. Gill (1986:151) discusses the mastoid form and its use in identifying race from a skull, and states that the Caucasoid mastoid process is narrower, and more pointed than Negroid or Mongoloid mastoid processes. According to Lahr (1996:47), metopism "...is by definition the abnormal persistence of the mediofrontal suture into adulthood", and Lahr states that metopism can occur in Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid skulls, but it is most commonly found in Caucasoid skulls.

Negroid Face

According Negroid faces to Bass (1995:92), are renowned for exhibiting prognathism, facial prognathism, is pronounced in Negroid skulls (Gill 1986:149). The nasal form is broad, the nasal bones are medium/small and heavy, the nasal profile is straight or concave and the nasal spine is somewhat reduced (Gill 1986: 148-149). Ubelaker (1989:119) describes the Negroid palate as wide, and rectangular in shape. When discussing the use of the mastoid form in determining race from a skull, Gill (1986:150-151) states that "...the very oblique angle of the Negroid mastoid with its characteristically small tubercle along the inferior border constitutes the most distinctive of the mastoid forms".

Post (1969) conducted a study comparing the size of the external opening of the tear duct, or nasolachrymal canal, between American Negroids and Caucasoids. Post (1969:85) concluded that American Negroids possessed shorter nasolachrymal canals.

Mongoloid Face

Bass (1995:92) describes the Mongoloid face as flat, due to the extreme projection of the malar bones. Bass mentions that not only do the zygomatic bones protrude forward, but they also project inferiorly, below the inferior border of the maxilla. Mongoloid faces exhibit medium prognathism, but it is not as extreme as it is in Negroid skulls (El- Najjar & McWilliams 1978:75). El- Najjar and McWilliams (1978:75) describe the Mongoloid orbital form as triangular.

Mongoloid nose form is medium, with small nasal bones and a concave nasal profile. The nasal spine and nasal sill are described as medium (Gill 1986:149). Ubelaker (1989:119) mentions that the Mongoloid nasal aperture tends to have a pointed lower margin, and Bass (1995:92) notes that Mongoloid skulls exhibit a nasal overgrowth. "The nasal bones project
forward beyond their junction with the frontal portion of the maxilla" (Bass 1995:92). Gill (1986: 151) describes the Mongoloid mastoid process as wide and vertical, and mentions that there is some similarity between the shape of Mongoloid and Caucasoid mastoid processes.

Racial Difference in Mandible

Shultz argues that a Negroid mandible has a "...lower, wider, and more vertical ramus; greater corpal and dental arch length, i.e., a long U-shaped dental arch; relatively smaller breadth dimensions; a less dominant chin, i.e., mental tubercles more medial in position and smaller" (Shultz in Krogman & Iscan 1986:280).

In contrast, a Caucasoid mandible "...has larger breadth measures; a higher, narrower ramus; a greater gonial angle; ramal surfaces more parallel to the median sagittal plane; (and) a more protrusive chin with mental tubercles more lateral in position" (Krogman & Iscan 1986:279).

Gill (1986:149) also notes racial variations in the mandible, and describes a Negroid mandible as gracile, with an oblique gonial angle. It has a reduced chin projection, a median chin form and "...an undulating mandibular border, (and) a narrow posterior aspect to the horizontal mandibular ramus" (Gill 1986:149-150). A Caucasoid mandible exhibits a medium degree of robusticity, with prominent chin projection and a bilateral chin form. A Mongoloid mandible is robust, similar to a Negroid mandible, with moderate chin projection and a median chin form (Gill 1986:149).

Ubelaker (1989:119) has made the observation that the anterior alveolus in a Negroid mandible is quite projecting in comparison with Caucasoid and Mongoloid mandibles. This is due to the pronounced prognathism.

Racial Differences in Teeth

It has lonh been observed that Caucasoids have the smallest (microdont) teeth (Coon, 1962: 354). According to Ubelaker (1989:120), evidence suggests that "...maxillary lateral incisors of diminished size and variable form are more common among whites, such as peg-shaped forms and miniature versions of normal teeth".

Gill (1986:149-150) describes the Caucasoid parabolic palate as triangular, and states that the reduced prognathism seen in Caucasoid skulls is due to consistent dental crowding.

Krogman and Iscan (1986:369) describe Caucasoid dental roots as shorter, straighter, and less splayed than Negroid or Mongoloid dental roots.

One major feature of Mongoloid dentition is an edge-to-edge bite that occurs when the mandible and maxilla are occluded. The incisor teeth will occlude edge-to-edge without showing the overbite that is commonly found in Caucasoid dentition. Occlusal wear on the incisors will usually indicate a Mongoloid skull (Bass 1995:92).

The one dental trait that can be said to be diagnostic of Mongoloid dentition is shovel-shaped incisors. Shovel-shaped incisors have "...prominent marginal ridges on the lingual surface, giving them a "shovel-shaped" appearance" (Ubelaker 1989: 120). This occurs with a high frequency in Mongoloidpopulations. According to Eckert (1997:308), shovel-shaped incisors occur in 85-99% of Mongoloid dentitions.



Sources

Bass, William M. 1995. Human
Osteology: A Laboratory and Field
Manual. Columbia: Missouri
Archaeological Society, Inc.

Coon, Origin of Races. 1962.

Eckert, William G. 1997. Introduction to
Forensic Science. United States of
America: CRC Press, Inc.

EI-Najjar, Mahmoud Y. and K Richard
McWilliams 1978. Forensic
Anthropology: The Structure,
Morphology and Variation of
Human Bone and Dentition. Illinois:
Charles C. Thomas.

Gill, George W. 1998. "Craniofacial
Criteria in the Skeletal Attribution
of Race. " In Forensic Osteology:
Advances in the Identification of
Human Remains. (2nd edition)
Reichs, Kathleen l(ed.), pp.293-
315.

Gill, George W. 1986. "Craniofacial
Criteria in Forensic Identification."
In Forensic Osteology: Advances in
the identification of Human
Remains. Reichs, KI(ed.). pp. 143-
159. Springfield: Charles C.

Krogman, Wilton Marion and Mehmet
Yascar Iscan 1986. The Human
Skeleton in Forensic Medicine.
Springfield: Charles C.Thomas.

Lahr, Marta Mirazon 1996. The
Evolution of Modern Human
Diversity: A Study of Cranial
Variation. Britain: University Press,
Cambridge. Thomas.

Post, Richard H. 1969. Tear Duet Size
Differences of Age, Sex and Race.
American Journal of Physical
Anthropology. 30:85-88.

Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1989. Human
Skeletal Remains: Excavation,
Analysis and Interpretation.
Washington: Taraxacum.