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[eugene-march]

HENKEY Gyula

Ethnic Anthropological Observation of the Magyars of Bцlcske




The classification of the people of Bцlcske took place in Novemeber 1993. The mayor's office issued a draft call in a letter those 24-60 year olds to appear, whose 4 grandparents were all Hungarian and had their roots in Bцlcske or neighbouring villages. Unfortunately, 60 cm of snow fell already on the first day of observations and even the main street was hardly suited for traffic. Therefore, only a few living further from the village centre appeared, and only the classification of 29% of those summoned could be actualised.



Method of data collection and processing

I used Martin's technique (Martin-Saller 1957-66) for the data, fixing the eye and hair colour according to the Martin-Schulz (eye colour), and the Fischer-Saller (hair colour) scales respectively. Upon recording the characteristic features, I adhered to the instructions of Martin (Martin-Saller 1957-66) and Weninger (1940). As about half of the population of Bцlcske hold themselves to be original inhabitants and descended from Pechenegs, the other half stemming from settlers hailing from different regions in the 18.-19. century, I compared the data of the Bцlcske people with the Pecheneg-descended population of Rбbapatona (Lackovits 1972); the indigenous people of Oriszentpйter in Western Trans-Danubia; the original population of Dudar in Central Trans-Danubia; the people of Nбdasladбny in Eastern Trans-Danubia, partly descended from settlers; the Magyars from the area of Zobor and finally the Slovaks of Palуcfцld. The comparison with the last group is due to the fact that before the First World War, 9% of the families in Bцlcske had a surname of Slovak origin.

The data referring to the Carpathian Basin are for the most part featured in my cadidate's dissertation (Henkey 1990). While discussing the individual anthropological features, I refer to several data from the Russians (Bunak 1976), Romanians (Necrasov 1979) and the Poles (Bergman, Bielicki, Sawicki 1978) as well. Some averages are missing from the aforementioned works of these anthropologists. Furthermore, the scientists of the late Soviet Union used different methods for measuring the morphological height of the face and nasal height for the most part, therefore I will not mention Bunak's (1976) pertinent data.


Results

Body height

The stature of the Bцlcske people is tall in the cse of both sexes. (Stature is tall starting from 170 cm (males) and 159 cm (females)). The highest stature from among the populations compared is that of the men of Rбbapatonya and the women of Bцlcske, the smallest being that of both males and females of the Slovaks from Palocfцld. The averages of stature are also influenced by the date of measurement, as the mean rises by 0,4 cm annually among those drafted from 1937 onwards (Vйli 1967). I have examined the compared populations of Trans-Danubia and Zombor between 1985 and 1993, the Palуcfцld Slovaks in 1973 and 1978 (Henkey 1985).

Head legth

The compared populations are quite close to one another in this respect, the measurements from Bцlcske belonging to the largest.

Head breadth

Large head breadth is characteristic of the Bцlcske people, the compared populations and generally the populations from the Carpathian Basin observed, which appears large when considering that the mean head breadth of Russian males is 154,5 mm and that of Romanian males between 145,6 and 159,0 mm.

Forehead breadth

The populations compared barely diverge from one another in this respect, all groups' forehead breadth exceeding the averages of 113,03 mm for Magyar males and 109,74 mm for Magyar females except the group of Palуcfцld Slovaks.

Bizygomatic

The average bizygomatic mean of the people of Bцlcske, the compared populations and generally that of the Magyars is wide, even exceeding the maximum of the given mean characteristic of European peoples, as provided by Bunak. The residents of Bцlcske exhibit the widest bizygomatic among the groups compared. The average of this measurement in the case of Russian males is 140,6 mm, the average of Romanian males from the Kisalfцld [typo in the source text? AUG.] is between 140,8 and 141,9 mm, and that of Polish rural males 142,1 mm.

Morphological height of the face

The averages of the population of Bцlcske and that of the compared groups are close to one another. The average of the facial height of Poles from the countryside deviates somewhat, 124,4 mm (men), 114,5 mm (women).

Bigonial

The means of the Bцlcske people and those of the compared populations are close, in the case of both sexes the bigonials of the Bцlcske and Rбbapatona residents are the widest. The European (108,5 mm) and Russian (107,9 mm) averages disclosed by Bunak are considerably smaller than that of the Carpathian Basin.

Nasal height

The averages of the compared populations are quite close to one another, but this measurement of the Bцlcskeians belongs to one of the smallest among the Magyars. The nasal height of the Poles from the countryside is significantly distant from averages in the Carpathian Basin, being 55,0 mm (males), 51,7 (females).

Nasal breadth

In this regard, the is hardly any difference between the compared populations. The Russian (35,3 mm) and the rural Poles (34,6 mm) male averages are somewhat narrower compared to those of the Carpathian basin.

Cephalic index

Short cephalic index(CI) is characteristic of the Bцlcskeians and generally of populations in the Carpathian Basin. (The CI is short starting from 81 for males and 82 for females). In this area the compared populations are close to one another (Tables 1 and 2), among them the CI is shortest among the males from the Zombor-area and the females of Oriszentpйter. The CI of Russian males is 81,4; very varied, that of Romanian males strongly varying as well, between 78,5 and 86,8; the average of rural Polish males is 83,9 and the rural Polish females 84,7.

Table 1: Parameters of the main measurements and indexes of the residents of Bцlcske aged 24-60:


Table 2a. Averages of measurements and indexes among certain populations from the Carpathian Basin aged 24-60(men):


Table 2b. the same as above for women:


Facial index

The facial index(FI) of Bцlckeians and the compared groups is similarly broad. (The FI is broad beneath 84 for males and 81 for females). The FI of Romanian males is significantly varying; between 86,2 and 99,8, the FI of rural Polish males (87,7) and females (85,4) is quite narrower as well.

Nasial index

The nasial index of the Bцlcske people and that of the comparative populations is similarly narrow. This indicator is even narrower somewhat among Romanian and rural Polish males.

Shape of the zygomata

The quite high occurance of frontally flat (portruding) zygomatics is characteristic for the Bцlcske population and other indigenous groups. This shape is in the absulute majority among Slovak and Southern Slav groups in Hungary as well, its occurance however being 100% among the Qazaqs of Central Asia (Ismagulov 1982).

Profile of the forehead

Among the Bцlcske and compared populations alike, the steep shape is predominant.

Nasal profile

The straight shape is most frequent among both sexes in the Bцlcske group. The ratio of convex noses is rises among Magyar indigenous and Southern Slav-speaking groups in Hungary, while the situation is exactly the reverse mainly among Palуcfцld Slovaks but also among groups resettled from the North. While the nasal profile is one of the two least uniformly distributed features among Magyars, the difference is even greater between Palуcfцld Slovaks and Hungarian Croats, Bunyevбc [Speakers of the љtokav dialect of Croatian in Hungary and Voivodina, AUG.] and Sokбc [Another Croat group in Hungary, originally refugees from the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Hercegovina from the 16. century onward, AUG.]. Among Russians, the frequency of convex noses significantly decreases compared to the Hungarian average.

Prominence of the nose

Among the Bцlcske and compared populations, the moderately prominent nose is in the large majority, but excluding the group of Palуcfцld Slovaks, the strongly portruding shape is quite signifant among men as well. The frequency of strongly prominent noses among Russians is significantly smaller, 10% among men and 2,5% among women.

Profile of the occiput

The slightly portruding occiput is in the absolute majority among both Bцlcske and compared populations, but among men (except for the Palуcfцld Slovaks), the occurrence of flat occiputs is notable too.

Eye colour

Among the residents of Bцlcske and the comparative groups (the Palуcfцld Slovaks aside), the occurrence of dark eyes is the highest. The Magyars are less uniform in the distribution of eye colour, than the majority of features. Among the Magyar populations of indigenous origin, especially among the Pecheneg and Cuman/Qipchaq-descended groups, as well as among those Magyars mixed with Croats and Bunyevбc, the frequency of dark eyes rises. In contrast, with the increase of Slovak-originated surnames, the occurrence of light eye colour increases , as relative to the Hungarian average. Dark eyes occur in 5,1% of Russian males and 7,2% of Russian females. Among Romanian males on the Wallachian Plain, a higher frequncy of dark eyes (between 59,4 and 71,4%) can be noted than the Magyar average, however, among the other Romanian males, mixed (greenish) eyes are in the large majority.

Hair colour

Among residents of Bцlcske and other compared Magyar populations, the occurrence of brown-black hair is perceivable at between 97,2 and 100%, even among the Palуcfцld Slovaks, this frequency is only a few percentages lower (Table 4-5.). Magyars are usually most uniform with regards to hair colour. The occurrence of brown-black colours is similar among the majority of Romanian populations, but in the valley of the Bistrica river and in the Northern parts of Moldavia, a frequency below 90% could be observed as well. The Soviet scientists of age counted the lightest brown "P" from among the "P-Y" brown-black shades on the Fischer-Saller table as dark blond, therefore accounting for brown-black hair among 68,0% of Russian males and 62,5% among Russian females.

Tables 4 : Distribution of descriptive traits in 24-60 year old men from populations in the Carpathian Basin

[eugene-march]

PART 2-----------------------------------------------------

Similarity as calculated according to Hiernaux

While processing these calculations (Piveteau 1965), I took the following features into consideration: body height, head length, bizygomatic, mprphological facial height, bigonials, nasal height, cephalic index, facial index, frontally flat (portruding) zygomata, steep forehead, convex nose bridge, strongly projecting nasal bridge, slightly curved occiput and brown-black hair. In the event of comparing 16 features, the average distance is 625. According to these claculations, the Bцlcske residents of both sexes are closest to the indigenous population of Rбbapatona, who are said to be descended from Pechenegs (Lackovits 1972); the distance to the original inhabitants of Dudar is smaller than average as well, however, both sexes are most different from the Palуcfцld Slovaks .

The Howells sigma ratio

With reference to the measurements and indexes the males of Bцlcske aged 24-60, I have claculated the sigma ratio (Thoma 1956), that is, I have expressed the spread of these features in the percentage of the average spread of all human race. Corresponding to the results, the Bцlcske population are somewhat uniform with regards to the measurements, and very homogenous concerning the indexes.


The distribution of the types


According to my observations, three types play a major role in the composition of the population of Bцlcske: Turanid, Pamirid and Dinarid. The order of occurrence of the main types seems certain, but as only 29% of those summoned for classification appeared, the exact distribution with reards to Bцlcske in Table 8. is only of informative character.

Table 8.The distribution of types among the Bцlcske people and other populations from the carpathian Basin:



From the aspect of frequency, the Turanid type -and within this, the Alfцldi type- leads the way among the Bцlcske residents as well. Characteristic of this type: tall or medium-tall stature, large dimensions of the head, short to hyper-short cephalic index, portruding zygomata, steep forehead, moderately portruding -straight or slightly convex- nose bridge, slightly curved occiput, dark or greenish eye and brown-black hair colour.

The Northern Kazakhstani variant (Image 1.) was traceable, whose features are close to the Alfцldi variety, but whose ancient Central Asian characteristics are perceivable in a more distinct manner; the stature being positively tall and the zygomata even broader. The transitional Turano-Pamirid transitional form (Image 5-6) is significant as well, which had already been determined in many skulls from around the Honfoglalбs[AD 896, AUG.] (Liptak 1958).

The traits of the Pamirid type were not perceivable in Bцlcske in their typical, combined form. The features: medium-tall build on the average, small measurements of the head with hypershort-short CI, slightly high -medium braod to broad- face and medium FI, the yoke-bone rounded off, steep forehead, a convex or straight nasal bridge projecting more strongly than the average, slightly curved or flat occiput, dark or greenish eyes and brown-black hair. The man featured on Image 8. is closest to the above description. In Bцlcske, the Pamiro-Turanid intermediary type (Image 9.) is more frequent as well, that involve larger dimensions of the head, a broader face and portruding zygomata. The Pamirid+Dinarid mixed form (Image 9.) occurs as well.

In our homeland, the Balkan and the Eastern variety of the Dinarid type can be determined. The Balkan Dinarid type is characterised thus: tall stature, average measurements of the head and hypershort-short CI, medium broad or slightly broad, and quite high face, narrow FI, yoke bone narrowing towards the front, steep forehead, strongly projecting, convex nose bridge, planoccipital, dark or greenish eyes and brown-black hair.

The features put together were not detectable in the population of Bцlcske. The Eastern Dinaroid variant also exhibits tall stature, but the dimensions of the head are normally larger, the face being broader, with less height to it and the zygomatics are also mostly portruding. However, according to my observations if the Balkan Dinarid variety mixes with Turanid, Pamirid or "Hither-Asiatic" [Thanks Mike, AUG.], a feature aggregate similar to the Eastern Dinaroid could come into existence. Although the Bцlcskeians featured on Images 10 and 11. are close to the Eastern Dinaroid variant, due to strong Turanid admixture the aforementioned possibility can't be excluded either.









From the types more frequent among Magyars (Table 8.), the occurrence of the traits of the "Hither-Asiatic" types among the people of Bцlcske is totally insignificant. The measurements and indexes of this type are close to the Pamirid type, but it is only of medium stature, the zygomata narrowing frontally, the forehead sloping backward, the nose bridge quite strongly projecting and strongly convex.

The features of the East Baltic type, the stature that is medium on average, short CI, broad FI along with a broad and low face, a concave nose bridge portruding less than average, light eyes and dark blond hair were not detectable in their typical forms, and only rarely observable even in mixed forms.

Among the Magyars, the Caspid, Iranid and Pontid varieties of the East Mediterranean type are observable in larger numbers, chiefly among populations descended from Cumans, Pechenegs and some populations descended from Kabars. Typical of all these varieties is a long or medium CI, a strongly curved occiput and the darkest eyes, hair and mainly skin complexion in Magyar correlation.On Image 12., the Pontid variety with Turanid admixture is displayed.

Although the Alpine type was detectable at a rate slightly higher than the Magyar average in Bцlcske, the features typical of Alpines were not detectable together in any of the observed persons. These features are: short to medium stature, short CI, broad FI, rounded-off yoke bone, a concave nose bridge projecting less than average, dark or greenish eyes and brown-black hair. According to my investigations, the features of the Alpine type were detectable in those localities at a rate higher than the Magyar average, where a Celtic cemetery had been unearthed in the vicinity, or where surnames of German origin occured at a percentage higher than the Hungarian average in villages and boroughs (market towns).


Population-historical correlations


Emanating from Lipбk's (1958) studies, if we accept the viewpoint of Nemeskйri and Gбspбri (1954) regarding the skull of Уbecske, based on the research of Honfoglalбs-era skulls the proportion of those associated with the Turkic stratum (Turanid, Pamirid, "Hither-Asiatic", Mongoloid) can be observed at 50%, the Finno-Ugric forms (Uralic, Lappinoid and Finno-Ugrian variants of East Baltic ) at 15,6%. I have not counted the East Mediterranean variants (Caspid, Iranid, Pontid) to either, as these are frequent among the Turkic Turkmens, Chuvash, Bashqorts, Qazan Tatars, Azerbaijanis, as well as Iranians, the Finno-Ugric Mordvins, Cheremis, and the peoples of the Caucasus alike.

The Turkic types can be found in 48,7% of the 30,355 village and market town Magyar residents, but their average occurrence among inigenous populations of Trans-Danubia is 58% (their greatest frequency being in Dudar at 70%). The Finno-Ugric types are found in 4,6% of all Magyars and 3% among Trans-Danubian populations; the old Slavic types among 2,2% of all Magyars and 1% of indigenous Trans-Danubian populations. The increase of Turkic types among original populations in Trans-Danubia could be correlated with the fact that Pechenegs settled in certain Trans-Danubian regions in large numbers during the Arpбd Era [AD 1000-1301, AUG.], mainly in the counties of Sopron, Sopron, Gyor, Vas, Fejйr, Tolna and Somogy (Lackovits 1972).

According to the traditions of Bцlcske, the indigenous population regards itself as descended from Pechenegs, however according to the results of my observations hitherto, the populations of Pecheneg origin are quite close to the rest of the indigenous Magyars, especially in Trans-Danubia. Namely the Turanid and Pamirid types are the first two most freuquent types among indigenous Trans-Danubian populations; however, among the majority of the populations fully or in part descended from Pechenegs, the occurrence of the Eastern Mediterranean variants also significantly exceeded the Magyar average of 3,9%, and the distribution is similar among the original inhabitants of Oriszentpйter, who are of Kabar origin.

As the Bцlcskeians stand closest to the assumedly Pecheneg-descended Rбbapatonaians (Lackovits 1972) according to Hiernaux anthropological distance calculations, in spite of the fact that the occurrence of Eastern Mediterranean types in the observed Bцlcskeians is completely insignificant, their partial Pecheneg origin cannot be excluded. Going by local tradition, families of settlers had arrivied in the 18.th century to Bцlcske, among whom surnames of Slavak origin were quite common. On the list of those whose ancestors had already lived in Bцlcske or surrounding Magyar villages at the end of the 19th century, 9% dispayed family names of Slovak and 4% of German origins, respectively. Certain surnames of assumedly settler origin may provide a base regarding the place of origin of a part of the immigrants. Though the majority of surnames derived from localities points to Trans-Danubian origin, the names that can be connected to the Felvidйk [i.e. Slovakia, AUG.] are quite frequent as well.

Among the names of Magyar origin, "Kбnai" can be connected to Gцmцr county, "Szepsi" to Abaъj county; among the Slovak-derived ones, "Ledneczki" leads to Trencsйn county, "Banуczki" and "Majrбk" to Zemplйn county, while the only thing that can be said surely of "Lehocki" and "Porubszki" is that they relate to the Felvidйk. The latter two surnames cannot be linked to a certain county as of now, because in the Felvidйk region of historical Hungary, there were 40 localities named Lehota and 15 Porub shared between Trencsйn and Ung counties at the end of the 19th century. Going by the 9% of Bцlcske surnames of Slovak origin, one would have expected the Nordic and Cromagnoid types common among old Slavs as well as Slavic variations of the East Baltic type to occur.

As not even a third of the Bцlcskeians drafted appeared for anthropological classification due to extraordinary circumstances, there is a possibility that forms similar to the old Slavic phenotype could be present among those who had not appeared. However, it doen't seem likely that the occurrence of these should be proportional to the 9% of surnames of Slovak origin. Although among the people of Bцlcske 4% of the surnames is German-descended, the Nordic and Cromagnoid types charcteristic of old Germanics were not present in those examined. this might correlate to the fact that among the domestic Germans calling themself "Schwaben" the Alpine and Balkan Dinaroid varieties were most frequent (Henkey 1981), and these types were traceable among the Bцlcskeians as well.


Reasons for the present high frequency of Turkic types, the decrease of Finno-Ugrian types and the insignificant presence of old Slavic types among the village- and market city-dwelling Magyars of today

1.) The Avar-era Onugurs, also called late Avars, survived to witness the Honfoglalбs in greater numbers than was previously assumed by certain scholars (Lбszlу 1982)

2.) Turkic people of Central Asian origin (Pechenegs, Oghuz, Cumans and Jassic people[the latter were of Iranian origin though AUG.] )settled down in large numbers during the Бrpбd era, who compensated for the blood loss of the Turkic stratum (Bartucz 1938), but no group of Finno-Ugric origin arrived afterwards.

3.) Honfoglalбs-era people speaking Slavic languages were not pure Slavs. Peoples of central Asian origin -especially (late) Avars- played a significant part in their forming (Eisner 1933, Fьgedi 1938, Erdйlyi 1986), therefore mixing with them could not sunstantially influence the anthropological relief of Magyars. In accord with this, the Polish anthropologist Kocka (1965) only observed types frequent among old Slavs in 32% of skulls assumed to be of Slovak origin and ranging from the 8th to the 12th centuries.

4.) According to the ethnographic by Kniezsa from the 15th century (Szucs 1982), Magyars as well as Magyars and Slavs mixed inhabited those plains and valleys of the Felvidйk, to the middle of Trencsйn county to the West, to Eperjes and the Vihorlбt mountains to the East, on those territories therefore, where the localities are to be found that the family names of Slovak origin in Bцlcske refer to.

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