32 ответов в этой теме

[Mukaffa]

Что-то я не понял, в какой момент вы перевернули всё с ног на голову. Если не скандинавское и не прусское, то чьё?

Это вы должны нам рассказать, привести подробные аргументы для своего скепсиса, раз уж такой возник (на основе чего?).

Так нужны тогда работы на русском.

С переводом я не справлюсь с такой задачей никак.

Чтобы разобрать конкретно скандинавские находки, ну и все нюансы к ним.

[Ravnur]

Так нужны тогда работы на русском.

С переводом я не справлюсь с такой задачей никак.

 

Кому нужны? Вам? Я думаю, не надо говорить чьи это проблемы.
 

Вы ни английского, ни польского не знаете чтоль?
 
Но а вообще, если вы не можете самостоятельно проанализировать материал, то вот выводы автора работы, которые вы можете перевести в Google Translate:
 

Two different models of proto-towns that functioned at the beginning of the early mediaeval period in Slavic settlements on the Baltic coast have been identified. The first probably would have originated out of the traditional rural settlements tak- ing advantage of the unfolding long-distance trade to be gradually transformed into commercial and trading settlements, then into proto-towns, to eventually become fully urbanized social and economic centres (e.g. Wolin). The other model, introduced from the outside, was known as Seehandelsplatz. Settlements of this type, established by outsiders (mainly Scandinavians), had pre-defined functions associated with trade and specialized artisanal workshops exhibiting most typically a uniform spatial layout. The latter model probably also functioned in the Slavic-Prussian borderland and is exemplified by Truso.

 

The fundamental questions that arise are: what was the attitude of the Prussian and Slavic communities to the Scandinavian founders of Truso? Who controlled this centre? What role did the local and supraregional political authorities have in exercising this control? Current research does not enable definitive conclusions to be drawn, nevertheless, these interdependencies must have existed. Any further archaeological research, which will have a decisive role in solving this problem, should include both Truso and its hinterland, which probably consisted not only of Prussian but also Slavic domains. Based on the conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of the research results regarding Truso, an important role in establishing this centre should be ascribed to the Danes.

 

The settlement at Janów Pomorski/Truso that has been described in this book is the only Scandinavian trading and crafts emporium within the boundaries of the present Polish state. The long years spent on archaeological research would not have been initiated had King Alfred the Great not written down, at the end of the ninth century, the sailor Wulfstan’s account of his sea voyage from the Danish Hedeby to the mouth of the River Vistula. The account mentions Truso – a port of trade situated in the Prussian lands. If not for King Alfred’s record, no one would have known of Truso’s existence, and no one would have looked for it because there was nothing along the shores of Lake Drużno that might attract archaeologists’ attention. There was no large burial site with mounds similar to that in Kaup-Wiskiauten (today’s Mohovoe in the Kaliningrad oblast), close to Sambia, where there was a settlement that is not mentioned in written sources, but whose well-preserved burial site has been excavated; these latter finds demonstrate an early and significant Scandinavian presence.

 

Truso was a purely Scandinavian settlement, not a mixed Prussian-Nordic settlement. All the finds that have been unearthed here indicate it was similar to that of other settlements of this type, such as Hedeby and Birka. Although they contain Swedish and Gotlandic elements, the entire material culture should be treated as being Dan- ish, similarly to the emporia established in the Slavic lands – in Gross Strömkendorf-Reric, Dierkow, Ralswiek and Menzlin. However, Wolin, located at the mouth of the River Oder and established in the late ninth century, was a Slavic town, in which the Scandinavians were present and played an important, although not dominant, role.
The establishment of the Scandinavian Truso in the Vistula delta was a consequence of the earlier experience of the Norsemen, who knew of the natural resources that were available here, in particular amber, and the transportation possibilities: by sea to the east and west and to the south along the River Vistula. Truso thus arose as a result of a conscious choice; it was strategically located and suited particular aims and needs. It began to function in the second half of the eighth century, together with the majority of emporia located within the Baltic area, and continued to function up until the first half of the eleventh century.

 

The research conducted to date clearly shows that Truso was a centre where goods were crafted from antler and bone, amber, glass, precious metals, bronze and iron. The working of amber is particularly striking: it was used to make loomweights, beads and pendants, which were the Norsemens’ religious symbols, particularly miniature Thor’s hammers; Thor being the most popular of the gods. The goldsmiths made typically Scandinavian ornaments, primarily as accessories for women. The goldsmiths probably also made scale weights with iron cores that were coated with bronze. There were large numbers of these weights, often marked with pseudo-Arabic signs, showing the intensity of the commercial exchange that took place here. Multi-coloured beads, which were extremely popular and sometimes used by the Scandinavians as objects of great symbolic value, required considerable artisanal skills. The broken glass vessels and various cups that were found were probably used as material for making beads, but drinking vessels were imported from the Rhineland and the Byzantine Empire so that the Nordic men could – as described by Arabic observers – indulge in their favourite pastime: drinking wine and mead. Drinking was part of the Truso lifestyle, as was playing board games, seen in the finds of gaming pieces.
The Scandinavians excelled at crafting items made of iron, making tools, weaponry and a whole range of high-quality items; this is confirmed by the rich archaeological material from Truso that has been presented in this book.

[Mukaffa]

 

 Но а вообще, если вы не можете самостоятельно проанализировать материал, то вот выводы автора работы, которые вы можете перевести в Google Translate:
 

Проанализировать могу, но не с работы которой надобен перевод.

Выводы автора прочитал, спасибо за выборку. Вопросов то хватает, но чтобы не напрягать других опять же с переводом даже каких-то частей в тексте придётся воздержаться пока от обсуждения работы. Работа Ягодзиньски весьма интересная, но вот к сожалению не владею пока ни польским, ни английским. Придётся отложить обсуждение на данное время.

Сообщение изменено: Mukaffa, 10 Февраль 2021 - 16:20.