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[Alaric]

Latvia in the Viking Age

[Skalagrim]

Throughout history, nation states have followed a simple set of guidelines for growth; a development of a
system of laws, subsequent taxation and then warfare and conquest. The Scandinavians followed this same
reasoning in their expansion to the shores of Latvia in order to obtain more tillable lands and increase
wealth. Local tribes made life difficult for the Vikings and conquests were not easy or sustained. They did
however leave their influence which is very much part of today’s Latvian culture.
During the Viking Age, Latvia reached new levels of social and economic development by their
associations with the Scandinavians. Important changes in agricultural development were the emergence of
the three field farming system, the bifurcated wooden plough and iron plough shares, cultivation of rye,
wide spread use of the broad bladed axe and the rotary quern. Developments of crafts and advances in
working iron and non ferrous metals were also seen.
Latvia, as one of the Baltic nations, is fairly small, (168,350 sq. km / 65,000 sq. miles) and throughout the
centuries has been attacked and invaded by many other nations: Swedes, Danes, Lithuanians, Poles,
Germans and Russians. During the Viking Age, Latvia consisted of five distinct cultural tribes;
Kurlanders, Semigallians, Livonians, Selians and Lettgallians. Their boundaries, as shown on the map,
changed over the centuries due to continual conflict between themselves. It was this conflict, and inability
to unite against a common foe, that would later see them fall to the German Teutonic Knights and
Christianization in the 13th century. These tribal languages would, however, combine over the centuries
(with the exception of Livonian) to make up what is now the Latvian language. Within Latvia today there
are still at least 10 different dialects and Livonian is on the list of endangered languages. Politically, Latvia
today is very democratic with over forty official political parties, reminiscent of the Scandinavian Althing
and its political structure.
Geographically, Latvia’s terrain is of an old glacial alluvial plain, rich in limestone, dolomite and peat.
Forest covers approximately 46% of the land in Scotch Pine and Norway Spruce with little undergrowth.
Much of the land is at sea level and difficult to cultivate without appropriate drainage. Only 25% of the
land was under cultivation; the richest soil under the rule of the Semigallians. In eastern Latvia is its
largest hill, Gaizinkalns (312 metres / 1023 feet); and in the south east is the lake district.
During the early and middle Iron Age, exports from the south east Baltic included furs, timber, wax, honey
and slaves. Among imported items were salt, tin, copper (bronze), silver, spices and silks. Active trade
from the Viking world and beyond is evidenced from grave finds which include glass beads, cowry shells,
and coins. Among the coin deposits are found Bohemian, German, Byzantine, Arabic, Anglo-Saxon,
Danish, Norse and Danish/Norse imitations. The earliest coin is of Anglo Saxon origin for Edgar circa
959. Of the more than 3200 coins found pertaining to this period, a large portion were worn as pendants
and jewellery. The denominations meant little outside their sphere of origin and were retained and worn
for their silver weight and worth, like ‘oath rings’ found elsewhere, denoting the wealth of the individual.
The Daugava (Dvina) (1200 km long / 745 miles)
was the most important trade route through Latvia.
From Birka, (the largest Swedish trading town until
the 10th century) to the silver rich area of the Black
Sea and Constantinople it was an arduous journey
of 2600 km / 1615 miles. This route did not seem
to be used as frequently as the route from Staraya
Ladoga and the Lovat / Volchev river systems. It
has been suggested that the Swedes preferred to
travel through their own colonies than risk foreign
and possibly dangerous lands, or higher taxation,
even if this detour resulted in adding an additional
800 km /497 miles to their journey.
The earliest Scandinavian presence in Latvia, was
at Grobin founded circa 650, some 10 km / 6 miles
inland from the Baltic Sea. Its importance as a
settlement and trading centre is comparable to other
early North eastern European towns as Helgo or
Staraya Ladoga. Three of the eight cemeteries at
Grobin are Scandinavian and of the over 3000
graves, direct links can be made to Gotland and the
Melara lake district near Birka. Many of the place
names near Grobin are of Scandinavian origin. The
most unique find from this area is a picture stone of
Gotlandic style, the first of its kind found on the
eastern shores of the Baltic.
These archaeological finds substantiate the earliest
writings of Saxo Grammaticus.
“Nobles, our enemy is a foreigner, begirt with the
arms and the wealth of almost all of the west; let us,
by endeavouring to defer the battle for our profit,
make him a prey to famine….It is easy to oppose the
starving. Hunger will be a better weapon against
our foe than arms….Our success in arms will be
more prosperous if hunger joins the battle first. Let hunger captain us, and so let us take the first chance of
conflict. Let it decide the day in our stead, and let our camp remain free from the stir of war…..”
Hadinga Saga, Saxo Grammaticus –The History of Denmark
Kurlandic King Dorno is said to have made this speech to his men dreading a perilous war with Danish
King Frodo in the 9th c. As the story unfolded, Dorno set fire to his lands but unfortunately later lost the
battle and died after he fell into a trap set by Frodo. Saxo Grammaticus recounts this history a few
centuries later in his chronicle and his writings provide some of the earliest information we have of the
history of the Baltic during the Viking Age. As with most writings of this period there is a mix of historical
fact, fiction and mythology, but the battle itself is one of historical record.
The sagas of ‘Heimskringla’, Icelandic ‘Olaf Tyrgvesson, Njall and Egil as well as the old Russian
chronicles mention contact with Estonia and Latvia. The chronicles of Livonia and the Rhyming Chronicle
of Livonia have some references to the Balts but is primarily concerned with the Teutonic Knights and the
Christianization of the 12th and 13th centuries.
The Danes first colonized the eastern shore of the Baltic in the 9th century. Most of the legends supplied by
Saxo are associated with the Danish raids of the 9th and 10th centuries: Ragnar Lodbrok (840), Hastings
(853), Rorik (857 and 962) and the Norwegian led jarl Hakor (970). The Kurlanders, renowned for their
piracy, raided Denmark in the 11th and 12th centuries under the rule of Magnus (1041) and Svein II (1049),
Danish church prayers often included the phrase “God save us from the Kurlanders!”
During the attempted Danish conquests of Kurland, the Swedes in 920 under Egil Skalagrim renewed their
interests in Latvia. The Norwegian Royal Saga ‘Fagrskinala’, Snorri Sturlusons ‘Heimskringla’, Icelandic
‘Olaf Tryggvason’ and Egil's Sagas and Rimbert’s ‘Vita Anskarri’ (865 – 888) make several references to
Kurlandic and Livonian wars with the Swedes. During the centuries when the Kurlanders decided not to
continue paying tributes to Sweden, they were often reminded to do so by force.
Runic stones in Sweden also cite references to Kurland and Estonia. From a damaged stone found in
Dodermonland (Mercalla), the inscription reads: ‘Sigrid had this stone put up for her husband Svein. He
often sailed to Semigallia in laden ship round the Domensnes. (The Domensnes was the northern tip of
Kurland, rounding into the Gulf of Riga). At Ada, this passage was cut into a cliff face by the roadside:
‘Hermond had this cut for his brother Bergrid. He was drowned in Latvia’ (translation).
According to Rimbert, Kurland consisted of five states, each with its own ruler (Kungs), religious leader,
war leader and law court. Sagas refer to Swedish warriors defeating over 7000 Kurlandic defenders in
Grobin and then defeating an army of over 1500 at Apules. Other references cite tribute paid to Sweden of
¼ kg / ½ lb of silver per warrior or 1134 kg / 2500 lbs. This tribute was paid from the spoils of war when
the Kurlandic navy defeated the Danes in 853. During the 800 – 900’s the Kurlanders often fought with the
Swedes against the Danes and Livonians.
The writings that are available to us regarding this history can never be entirely relied upon. The Kurlandic
piracy, victories and pagan beliefs were not looked upon favourably. Very little is known of the pagan
religion in Latvia and its subsequent Christianization assimilated or eradicated much of the belief systems.
Recent archaeological excavations of religious groves and detailed analysis of folklore, including the over
60,000 songs (Daina’s), have shed some light on the subject. The most celebrated pagan festival today is
Midsummer or John’s Day. The Kurlanders were known throughout Europe as prophets, diviners , augers
and sorcerers dressed in monastic clothes. The Spanish particularly sought these prophesies.
Kurland’s population lived predominately near or in over 120 wooden hill forts, 70% of which were
smaller than 2000 sq. metres / 21528 sq. feet. Their cemeteries, most of which have not been fully
explored, yield rich finds of artefacts and jewellery.
Despite their close proximity to each other, the Latvian tribes each retained their own distinct jewellery
styles and motifs. Their designs were not greatly affected by trade with other cultures. Some motifs were
adapted (as the introduction of animal motifs from Scandinavia) but this is a relatively rare occurrence.
The simple geometric designs only became more complicated and graphic in defiance of cultural intrusions.
The mythological elements are moons, suns, stylized heads and eyes of snakes and snakes themselves,
heads of horses, owls, ducks, birds as well as motifs of deer.
The basic designs change little from the Mesolithic period. Their religious symbols, owls, water birds,
snakes and antlers are still well represented in the 8 – 11th centuries. Time has only perfected the motifs.
Basic geometric patterns and variations. Zalktis and Juma motifs
and variations.
The geometric motifs common throughout Latvia are points, straight lines, circles, triangles, rhombuses, X
motifs, equilateral crosses, and swastikas. Their combinations and permutations were varied and were in
sequences of 3’s or 4’s. These symbols developed around a concept of the Tree of Life, which is reflected
in the verbal folklore (folk sayings, seasonal and work songs). Outside of purely functional design,
jewellery served a magical or talismanic purpose to assist or protect its wearer. Much of the artefacts had
multiple pendants or bells which would draw attention to oneself as well as frighten away evil spirits. In
very broad categories Selian artefacts are similar to Lettgallian; Semigallian artefacts are similar to
Kurlandic (and Gotlandic); Livonian artefacts are similar to Estonian and Finnish.
The grave finds in Latvia are rich in bronze jewellery. Kurlandic jewellery from the 8th century include tin
and gold gilded bronze often inlaid with blue glass. As trade developed and local economies prospered
silver jewellery became more commonplace. Trade between Gotland and Latvia and Estonia is indicated
by the same and similar artefacts found in each location.
Clothing, being the most fragile, is difficult to preserve and identify.
Fortunately the soil conditions and quantities of bronze jewellery and
ornamentation have preserved a substantial number of textiles in
Latvia. In very general terms, men’s clothing consisted of an under
tunic, over tunic, trousers made of either linen or wool and a wool
cloak. The calves were often wrapped by wool or linen leg
wrappings, sometimes woven with metal rings in geometric patterns.
Footwear consisted of socks made by naalbinding and leather shoes or
‘slippers’ that lace up the legs. In some parts of Latvia a similar shoe
was woven from grasses. Over tunics were often decorated with
tablet woven trim patterned with the same geometric designs utilized
in the jewellery. The ‘Juma’ and ‘Zalktis’ patterns are also found in
tablet braid finds found in Sweden. Fabrics were dyed from plants
and colours were muted by today’s standards. Headwear consisted of
leather or wool hats occasionally trimmed with fur and metal. A
style of tunic not found outside of Lettgallian grave finds are men’s
tunics where the upper half of the tunic is entirely embellished with
bronze beads in geometric patterns.
Women’s clothing for the Livonians and Kurlanders consisted of
full length under dresses and over dresses, often covered by an
‘apron’ held up by tortoise style or round brooches. This style of
costume is similar to Finnish and Scandinavian designs. The
footwear for men and women are identical. Hats or head coverings
for women were uncommon, unlike nations that had been
Christianized. Lettgallian ‘nobility’ however wore bronze
headdresses made of coiled spirals with chains that hung to at least
the shoulders, terminated in tassels or bells.
Lettgallian Headdresses –Mits un Metāls , Daumints Kalniņş
The Lettgallian, Selian and Semigallian women’s clothing consisted of an under dress with an over tunic
and wrapped skirt. Woolen cloaks were often woven with bronze rings or beads in geometric patterns with
bronze trim and or hanging pendants along the hems. Elaborate neck pieces of amber, glass beads, cowry
shells were very common as were multiple strands of bronze or silver chains holding toiletry articles and
other accessories. On top of these necklaces neck torcs, sometimes several, were worn. The Lettgallian
and Livonian costumes appear to be the most heavily ornamented with bronze.
Weapon artefacts are numerous in Latvian grave finds. Spearheads, axes, arrowheads, leather wrapped
plank shields with plain metal bosses and the occasional helm. Weapons styles are the same or similar to
those found throughout Scandinavia. Sword blades seem to have been imported from the western Baltic
nations and assembled locally. The Type Z sword is the most widespread through out Latvia, with the T1
and T1-Kurlandic 5-7 lobed pommel sword more prominent in Kurland.
Most other sword types are found in small numbers. The Antennal style sword pommel found in
Semigallia and Kurland is not seen anywhere else in Europe. Metal work on sheaths for knives and swords
are tribal specific but chapes have much in common with Scandinavian finds.
Very little has been found in terms of boat or ship artefacts, despite Kurland’s strong maritime presence.
There is however a find approximately 20 km /12.4 miles, south of Roja, which is known as the ‘Devil’s
Boats’; three boulder strewn ship hull outlines measuring 14 x 5 m. The ship outlines and a rock carving of
a four spoked wheel at Roja are oriented in a north-west to south-east direction. These grave features, rare
on the eastern shores of the Baltic are similar to finds in Gotland and Elande. North West of Roja there are
several pictographs carved in rock.
At the beginning of the 9th century, Grobin lost its importance in the Viking world, perhaps due to continual
wars or increased trade through the Daugava River. Other urban centres in Latvia included Mežotne,
Talsis, Aizkraukle, Ikškile, Jērsika and most importantly Daugmale. Daugmale lies 22 km upstream from
present day Riga and has been referred to in the chronicles as the Port of Semigallia or Duna. It was one of
a number of hill forts which extended every 20 – 40km / 12 -25 miles, along the Daugava. Its roads
extended to Semigallian lands and to the east to Estonia and to Pskov.
Daugmale had a long history. Its
fortifications were renewed
approximately 14 times before Riga
gained dominance in the 12th century.
Over 16,000 artefacts have been found
within its boundaries. Among them a
Viking bronze figurine of a man and three
bronze horseback rider figures. More
than 80 amber artefacts were found, 13
cut in the shape of axes and the remainder
in a trapezoidal shape. The amber was
collected from the western shores of the
Gulf of Riga where it washed up to shore
following storms. The mineable deposits
of Baltic Amber lay in the north-west
shores of Lithuania. One of the most
interesting finds from Daugmale is a
dolomite mace head ornamented with
Gotlandic interlaced designs and runes.
The remaining inscription reads “this
mace head made by….” It is impossible
to tell if this was produced locally. Being
a port city, excavations have unearthed
numerous workshops and their associated
refuse material. Within the graves,
numerous weigh scales and silver ingots
are found.
Viking artefacts are found continually
upstream of the Daugava River into the
Polotsk and Tur Duchies areas of present
day Belarus. These colonies, established
around 980, were part of the Rus Empire
that had begun in the early 800’s.
Buildings and hill forts were of
stacked log timber construction.
A rare find in Europe was the
remains of a 9th century village
near Cesis, Araisu Ezerpils,
which was built beside a small
lake and during the centuries had
sank into the marsh. In the early
20th century it was resurrected and rebuilt, giving us an accurate example of village construction.
Other artefacts of the Viking Age in Latvia include drinking and blowing horns, bone combs and toiletries,
pottery, eating and drinking vessels and utensils, fishing implements and all tools related to the home, farm
or workshop. These artefacts are similar or identical to those found in Scandinavia. Ornamentation and
pattern variations denoting the differences. Musical instruments of flutes and whistles and drums are
common throughout. Comparison can be made between the Saxon lyre and the 11th century Gusli found at
Novgorod with the Latvian kokle.
It has been said by many, including historians and cultural anthropologists, that by observing the past, we
can ‘find’ ourselves in the present; and therefore foretell the future. By this process we hope to learn from
mistakes and lead richer lives. Scandinavian contact with the Balts during the 7th – 11th centuries was brief
yet its impact upon Latvia and Latvia’s relationships with its neighbouring states and the Rus had far
reaching implications. Through study it can provide a small measure of understanding for those interested
in their own culture and its development.
May 2005 Talis Kivlenieks
*Kurlandic, Kurs, Kurši, Courlanders, Couronians, Cours, Kurzemnieki
Bibliography
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Kuršiu Papuašalu, Vikinger Epochos Ornamentika, Audrone Bliujiene, 1999, Lietuvos Istorijos Institutas
Senoves Lietuviu Drabuziai ir Ju Papuošalai (I-XVI a) Regina Volkaite-Kulikauskiene, 1997, Lietuvos
Istorijas Institutas
Lībiešu Apgērbs, 10 – 13 gs, Anna Zariņa, 1998, Rīga “Zinatne”
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Politiskās Vēstures Jautājumi, Arnis Radiņš, 1999, Latvijas Vēstures Muzējs, SIA “N.I.M.S”
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Berga, 1996, Oxford University Press
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[parastais]

At Ada, this passage was cut into a cliff face by the roadside:
‘Hermond had this cut for his brother Bergrid. He was drowned in Latvia’ (translation).

Būtu interesanti paskatīties oriģinālu. Vai tur tiešām ir minēts "Latvija" (Lettia, Latvia, Latuva...)? Vai arī kāds cits nosaukums, kas raksturīgs Latvijas teritorijai, pēc kura izsecināts, ka runa ir par Latviju.

edit: atradu pats, sorry:
Rune stone # Sц 39 - Еda Vagnhдrads socken

This beautiful inscription was found on a rock wall in Еda and has an ornament that is very similar to many found on runestones in Uppland and Selaцn. The carving is dominated by the ”big animal” and is surrounded by a snake, laid in a ring with his head resting on the bottom right of the snake body and the winding snake tail placed in front of the large animal’s rear feet.

A small snake without runes connects the large snake’s head and tail.

The inscription begins on the snake body on the bottom left in the middle of the snake tail loop that goes around the snake body. The end of the inscription is found on the snake’s neck in front of the beginning of the inscription.

*hermoюr lit hakua at barkuiю bruюur h truknю a lf lanti*

"Hдrmod lдt hugga efter Bergvid, sin broder. Han drunknade i Livland"

Сообщение изменено: parastais, 02 Январь 2015 - 23:43.

[Skalagrim]

Cik zinu (cik var spriest no avotiem) vikingiem nav bijis zināms Latvijas (Letlandes un tml. nosaukums). Bet bija zināmi visi piekrastes zemju Senlatvijas nosaukumi - Livland, Kurland, Simkala (Zemgale).
Neesmu dzirdējis par Latvijas (Latgales) apzīmējumiem skandināvu avotos, bet:

13. gadsimta sākumā Indriķa hronikā latviešu apdzīvotā teritorija tiek saukta par "Letgali". Aprakstot 1209. gada karagājienu pret Jersikas valdnieku Visvaldi, Latviešu Indriķis savā hronikā sāka lietot apzīmējumu "Letija", ko vēlāk atkārtoti attiecināja uz letgaļu apdzīvotajām Jersikas un Tālavas zemēm. Iespējams, šis vārds darināts pēc viduslaiku latīņu rakstu paraugiem atbilstoši latgaļu nosaukumam līvu valodā, kas bija sākotnējie starpnieki krustnešu attiecībās ar sākotnēji pakļautās Livonijas kaimiņu tautām. Vārds Letthia var būt arī atvasināts no daudz senākā kopnosaukuma latgaļu, sēļu un leišu zemēm, kas 1009. gadā parādās kā Litua Kvedlinburgas hronikā, bet vēlāk kā Lettowia 1253. gada karaļa Mindauga dāvinājuma latīņu tekstā. Tāpat lietuviešu nosaukums 13. gadsimtā latīniski rakstītajā Indriķa hronikā bija Lethones vai Letones

[parastais]

Cik zinu (cik var spriest no avotiem) vikingiem nav bijis zināms Latvijas (Letlandes un tml. nosaukums). Bet bija zināmi visi piekrastes zemju Senlatvijas nosaukumi - Livlans, Kurland, Simkala (Zemgale).
Neesmu dzirdējis par Latvijas (Latgales) apzīmējumiem skandināvu avotos, bet:

Man vēl tāds jautājums, kādas vēl baltu ciltis vikingi zināja?
Sembus, prūšus, jātvingus, žemaišus, leišus ir minējuši? Sembus būtu jāmin, tāpat kā Truso un/vai Vitlandi.
No otras puses jālasa, ko latgaļi vikingu laikā darīja, varbūt viņus atsevišķi neizdalīja, jo viņi bija zem Palteiskjas.

edit:
Kā parasti, pats uzdodu jautājumu, un googlē atrodu
http://en.wikipedia....area_runestones

Respektīvi:
1 Karēlija
1 somu līcis
3 Virland (Virumaa, Igaunija)
2 Eistaland (Igaunija?)
3 Somija
2 Livland (Līvi)
1 Zemgale
1 Ui(t)au (wiki saka Windau Ventspils)

Balti minēti vispār tikai divas reizes no 14 (Ventspils arī nav 100% skaidra). Latvijas teritorija četras reizes (Līvi -2, Vindau - 1, Zemgale - 1). Lietuva ne reizi, Prūsija ne reizi. Vai arī ir speciāli Polija-runestones kā sadaļa, zem kuras varbūt prūši ir paslēpušies.

Es zinu, ka ir labs links uz Saxo Grammaticus on Balts par šo tēmu, tur ir gan kurši, gan sembi pieminēti -
http://viduramziu.is.../en/vikings.htm

Сообщение изменено: parastais, 03 Январь 2015 - 17:54.

[Skalagrim]

atradu šo: http://www.conflicts.../vikingarna.htm

pagaidām lai ir te, kamēr izpētīšu cik nopietns tas raksts

[doors]

varu ieteikt šo: http://www.kantiana....omplete_rus.pdf

[parastais]

varu ieteikt šo: http://www.kantiana....omplete_rus.pdf

Paldies! Būs ko palasīt!
Kulakovam ir arī šis:
http://www.academia....ning_Viking_Age

edit: un tomēr tas ir dīvaini, ka rūnu akmeņi piemin Igauniju, Somiju un Līvus būtiski vairāk nekā Latviju, savukārt, Lietuva un Prūsija netiek pieminētas vispār.

Ļoti iespējams, ka baltu būtiskās attiecības ar skandināviem sākās (un arī beidzās) daudz atrāk ~650 AD Grobiņa, 8.gadsimts Trūso. Ir vēl kāds pētījums no poļiem par arābu dirhamiem, kur Prūsija ir starp līderiem līdz 9.gs., bet pēc tam sarūk līdz 0.

edit2:
lūk šeit par dirhamiem:
http://www.academia....ly_emporia_2010

Salīdziniet Fig1 un Fig4!!

Сообщение изменено: parastais, 03 Январь 2015 - 22:39.

[doors]

Paldies! Būs ko palasīt!
Kulakovam ir arī šis:
http://www.academia....ning_Viking_Age

edit: un tomēr tas ir dīvaini, ka rūnu akmeņi piemin Igauniju, Somiju un Līvus būtiski vairāk nekā Latviju, savukārt, Lietuva un Prūsija netiek pieminētas vispār.

jūs domājat tikai rūnu akmeņus, vai vispār skandināvu avotus?

[parastais]

jūs domājat tikai rūnu akmeņus, vai vispār skandināvu avotus?

Es domāju rūnu akmeņus, jo neesmu salīdzinājis, cik bieži tiek pieminēta Igaunija, Somija, Līvi un Baltu zemes visos skandināvu avotos. Par rūnu akmeņiem šķiet wiki lasīju, ka lielais vairākums tiek datēti pēc 1000 AD, kad gan Grobiņa jau vairākus gadsimtus beigusi eksistēt kā skandināvu kolonija, gan vairākus gadsimtus netiek atrasti arābu dirhemi Prūsijā.

Būtu interesants pētījums, kur gadsimtu griezumā (pēc notikumu hronoloģijas) tiktu salīdzināts, cik bieži tiek minētas baltu zemes uz kopējā fona (līvi, igauņi, somi, Polotska, Novgoroda, Kijeva) visos avotos.

Сообщение изменено: parastais, 04 Январь 2015 - 09:40.