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"ANTROPOMETRIA MILITARE"
"...As to the figure 1632 given by De' Rossi for the last levies considered by him, it may repre-
sent the tendency to reach the definite height more precociously : there is therefore even less
reason to add other 15 mm. as does Deniker to get the height 1647 mm. Well Livi's idea. To confirm such a doubt, there is the fact that for single districts,
Mori's data prove a very different bearing of the nasal index from that which one
should have on a basis of the so-called " naso arricciato " ; contrary to what Livi
would conclude, it has not yet been demonstrated that Northern Italy is more
leptorrhine than Southern Italy. It seems that the brown dolichocephal of the
peninsula is more leptorrhine than the brachycephal, but certainly other inquiries
are necessary...
...Piedmont. The Piedmontese, says Nicolucci, is of a medium stature, arms and
legs strong and muscular. His colour is more brown than white, hair often chestnut,
rarely fair ; eyes generally grey-green, large and open, the forehead high, straight
and wide, the nose somewhat fleshy, lips generally narrow and the face nearer to the
square than to the round or oval.
The average height of Piedmontese conscripts of the 1855-59 classes is 1627
mm., by adding 10 mm. to which we obtain the average height of the whole adult
male Piedmontese population = 1637 mm. The height of soldiers (" enrolled "
as distinct from " conscripts," who are all the males of 20 years of age) is 1649 mm. ;
we find it referred to by Deniker, i.e., 22 mm. higher than that of the conscripts,
and for the above-mentioned reasons it cannot be adopted.
For the pigmentation, using Table No. 15 of Livi's work, already mentioned,
we have this percentage : for the pure blond -type 4.8, for the mixed 13.0, for the
pure brown 17.4, for the mixed 41.5.
The average cephalic index we take from Table No. 24 of the same work, which
gives for Piedmont 85.9, the highest cephalic index of all the provinces.
The nasal index of 310 Piedmontese measured by Mori gives an average of
67-29.
On 100 Piedmontese skulls the maximum of frequency of the nasal index was
found at 48, according to a table published by Professor Sergi. In another table,
published by the same anthropologist, are listed 60 nasal indices of Piedmontese
skulls, without indication of sex, from which I have obtained an average nasal
index of 46.95...
...Lombardy. The Lombard is most like the Piedmontese, only he is a little taller,
more blond and with a longer skull than the Piedmontese. The average height of
Lombard conscripts was 1632 mm., therefore for the whole adult male population
1642 mm.
For the pigmentation the percentages are : for the pure blond type 4.3, for
the mixed 11.7, for the pure brown type 20.1, for the mixed 44.5...
...Venetia. Nicolucci says the Venetians' height is greater than that of other
Italians, the colour of their skin is between white and brown, hair almost always
chestnut, often also quite blond ; the iris is generally of a dark colour but not in-
frequently more or less blue, nose short and fleshy ; the face wide and round, with
the cheek-bones somewhat extended to the sides and the jaw wide towards the corners,
so that we find this part in the same vertical line with the zygomas.
The average height of Venetian conscripts is 1653 mm., so that we get 1663 mm.
for the whole adult male population, which is slightly less than 1679 mm., the average
obtained by Viola on 350 Venetians.
For the pigmentation we have these percentages : for the pure blond type 5.4,
for the mixed 14.2 these are the highest figures of those obtained from all the
Italian regions ; for the pure brown type 18.6, for the mixed 41.8 on the other
hand, these figures are not the lowest, as they are somewhat higher than those
obtained in Piedmont.
The average cephalic index is 85.0.
The average nasal index of 67 Venetians measured by Mori was
66-73...
...Abruzzi, Campania, Puglie, Basilicata, Calabrie. All these districts correspond
anthropologically to the southern type of the Italian peninsula, which is thus de-
scribed by Nicolucci. The height is generally below the medium, the colour of the
skin somewhat brown, although white and flesh-coloured skins are not lacking.
The hair is almost always black, black the lively, penetrating eyes ; a slim figure
without adipose and without a paunch. They have not a very wide forehead, but
it is high and flat, the eyebrows thick and arched, the nose high and clean cut, the
chin slightly pointed.
In the height we find much resemblance in these five regions. We have with
the usual addition of 10 mm. to those of conscripts the following averages : Abruzzi
(and Molise) 1617, Campania 1620, Puglie 1613, Basilicata 1599 (which is the minimum
for the whole kingdom), Calabrie 1604.
For the pigmentation we have a characteristic augmentation from north to
south, as we have for the mixed brown type the following percentages : Abruzzi
(and Molise) 50.8, Campania 54.7, Puglie 55.2, Basilicata 56.0, Calabrie
62.2...
...We have already seen that in colouring and hair the Italian population is
by a very great majority brown : in fact not only is the Mediterranean race brown,
but also the so-called Celtic race which predominates in the valley of the Po. The
greatest quantity of really blond individuals, with blond hair and light eyes, is found
in Venetia. In a less degree blonds are found all over Italy, not excluding the islands :
in Sicily they are specially found in the province of Palermo, which is said to arise
from the greater number of Normans who established themselves there. The
Albanians, too, from investigations made in the province of Cosenza, are found to
be less pigmented than the Calabrians ; it is sufficient to say that in 59 men fair
hair was 27 per cent., light eyes 47 per cent., and white skin 67 per cent. ; they are
also taller (m. 1.64) and less dolichocephalic (cephalic index 80.6).
If we exclude Venetia and the Garfagnana, height in the rest of Italy is
somewhat low, as the Alpine or Celtic race of the valley of the Po, as well as the
Mediterranean, are both of low stature, with the difference that the first is more sturdy.
In the south of the peninsula, especially in Basilicata, and in the islands, we have a
large percentage of very short individuals, as we can see by the number of conscripts
refused because of their height : we have the maximum of men refused in Sardinia,
about 30 per cent, of the conscripts from the province of Cagliari do not reach the
height of m. 1.46. In a very small degree this can be attributed to retarded growth.
It would be important to ascertain if there are differences in the various phases
of growth between the different regions of Italy : it seems that the rhythm is not the
same for the Romagnols and the Abruzzese. In the Abruzzese of Teramo it seems
that we have coefficients of growth below the sixteenth year which are superior to
the respective coefficients in the Romagnols. The period of greatest growth occurs
between the thirteenth and sixteenth year in the case of the Abruzzese and between
the twelfth and fifteenth year in the Piedmontese. 1 It seems also that an
acceleration of development has taken place generally throughout Italy jn recent
times.
From what we have pointed out it is evident that there are many gaps, but they
are not greater than those which we find in other European ethnographical regions ;
in fact, perhaps we may say that Italy is relatively better studied than any other.
With the averages which we have given for the different districts, it is easy to
construct a map of the geographical distribution throughout Italy of each somatic
characteristic studied..."
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