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http://ifile.it/1z0d...0Millennium.rar

Hungarian Archaeology at the turn of the Millennium

(Edited by ZSOLT VISY & MIHÁLY NAGY). Budapest 2003.

TABLE of CONTENTS 5

Commendation 7 Editors’ foreword 9 Lectori Salutem

I. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN HUNGARY
Edited by MIHÁLY NAGY
The history of archaeological fieldwork in Hungary 15 Underwater archaeology 22 The emergence of underwater archaeology in Hungary 22 The conditions of underwater archaeology in Hungary 22 Underwater finds,underwater sites 22 Underwater excavations in Hungary 23 Opinions and counter-opinions 24 The future of underwater research 25 Aerial archaeology in Hungary 25 Urban archaeology: a special field of heritage protection 28 The nature of urban archaeology 29 Urban excavations and urban planning 30 The protection of the archaeological heritage in Hungary 31 Beginnings 31 The importance of the foundation of the Hungarian National Museum 31 The role of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 32 Legislation 33 The protection of the immovable heritage at present 35 International practice 35

II. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
Edited by LÁSZLÓ BARTOSIEWICZ & ERZSÉBET JEREM
Environmental archaeology: the birth of a new discipline 39 Methods of environmental archaeology 39 Environmental archaeology in Hungary 42 The future of environmental archaeology–reconstructing and protecting the landscape 44 Dating methods 44 Relative chronology 44 Radiocarbon dating 46 Other dating methods 48 Dendrochronology and ancient forest cover 48 The principles of dating 48 Datingin practice 49 Archaeological examples 50 Forestry:a historical perspective 51 Future research directions 51 Palaeoenvironmetal history of Hungary 51 The mosaic patterning of the environment 51 Reindeer hunters of the late Ice Age 52 Mesolithic hunter-gatherers 53 Early food producing communities in the Neolithic 54 Consequences of the mosaic patterning of the environment 56 Hunted animals 56 The archaeological significance of hunting 56 Holocene mammals in Hungary 57 Hunted animals 57 Hunting booty as archaeological finds 59 Hunting in the post-medieval period 60 The archaeology of domestic animals 60 Why study the remains of domestic animals? 60 The first domestic animals 60 The beginnings of animal keeping in the Carpathian Basin 60 What can we learn from animal bones? 61 Equestrian burials 61 Bone working 62 Reconstructing nutritional history 62 Animal breeds 63 Remains of anexotic animal 63 New perspectives in the archaeological research of domestic animals 64 The archaeology of cultivated plants 64 The human population 67 Historical anthropology 67 Burials–Excavations 67 How does historical anthropology contribute to historical studies? 67 Historical demography 68 Health and disease in the past 68 Modifications caused by cultural tradition 70 What did they look like?–The reconstruction of facial features 70 Anthropological collections 71 Modern Age mummies 71 Exhumation and identification 71 Perspectives in historical anthropology 72 Appendix: the mammals of Hungary 73

III. THE PALAEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC
Edited by KATALIN T. BIRÓ
Introduction 77 Vértesszőlős: the first people in Hungary 78 The evolution and culture of modern man 81 The Middle Palaeolithic 81 The transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic 84 The early Upper Palaeolithic 84 Late glacial hunters 85 The Mesolithic: towards a production economy 91

IV. THE NEOLITHIC
Edited by KATALIN T. BIRÓ
Introduction: the beginnings of a production economy in Hungary 99 The history of the Neolithic 100 The Neolithic in the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain 100 The Neolithic in the northernpart of the Great Hungarian Plain and the Northern Mountain Range 101 The Neolithic in Transdanubia up to the appearance of the Lengyel culture 102 The Late Neolithic in Transdanubia 102 Neolithic settlements 103 Füzesabony–Gubakút:a Neolithic settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain 103 Mosonszentmiklós–Egyéniföldek:a Neolithic village in Transdanubia 104 Hódmezővásárhely–Gorzsa:a Late Neolithic settlement in the Tisza region 106 Burial rites of the Neolithic 107 Neolithic burials in the Tisza region 108 Neolithic burial customs and burial rites in Transdanubia 110 Neolithic beliefs 112 Raw materials, mining and trade 117

V. THE COPPER AGE
Edited by ZSUZSNNA M. VIRÁG
History of the Copper Age 125 Settlements 127 Early metallurgy in the Carpathian Basin 129 Copper Age religion and beliefs 132

VI. THE BRONZE AGE
Edited by ERZSÉBET JEREM
Changes in the 3rd millennium B.C.: the dawn of a new period 141 The Early Bronze Age 141 Tell cultures of the Early and Middle Bronze Age 142 Tiszaug–Kéménytető: a Bronze Agesettlement in the Tiszazug 143 Burials around Nagyrév–Zsidóhalom 144 The expansion of the Hatvan culture 145 Jászdózsa–Kápolnahalom:a tell settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain 146 Cemeteries of the Hatvan culture 147 Central European economies: agriculturalists in Transdanubia 148 Potters in Transdanubia 150 Burials of the Encrusted Pottery culture 150 Fortified centres along the Danube 151 Dunaújváros–Dunadûlő: burials of the Vatya culture 155 The florescence of the Middle Bronze Age in the Tisza region: the Füzesabony culture 156 Cemeteries of the Füzesabony culture 157 The Middle Bronze Age population of the Berettyó–Körös region: the Gyulavarsánd culture 158 Túrkeve–Terehalom:a tell settlement in the Berettyó valley 158 Tell settlements in the Maros region 160 The Koszider period 161 The advent of a new period: the Late Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin 161 The Tumulus culture: invaders from the west 161 The expanding world:masters of bronzeworking in the Carpathian Basin 163 Bronze Age metallurgy 167 The emergence of Bronze Age metallurgy 167 Bronzeworking in the Middle Bronze Age 168 Gold metallurgy 169 The bronze industry of the Late Bronze Age 170 Late Bronze Age gold metallurgy 173

VII. THE IRON AGE
Edited by ERZSÉBET JEREM
The beginning of the Iron Age: the pre-Scythians 177 The Middle Iron Age: Scythians in the Tisza region 179 Burials 179 Settlement and economy 180 Horse harness and weapons 181 Animal style art 182 Pottery 182 The Early Iron Age in Transdanubia: the Hallstatt culture 183 New research results 183 Hillforts and fortified settlements 184 Burial mounds and religious beliefs 185 Inurned burials 187 Weapons, horse harness, costume: the finds from male burials 187 Female costume and jewellery 187 Masterpieces of the potter’scraft 188 Rural settlements 190 Crafts and industry 191 The Late Iron Age: the Celts of the La Tène period 192 New advances in the research of the Celts 192 History of the Celts 192 Celtic cemeteries and burial customs 193 Grave goods and costume 195 Settlement history 197 Masterpieces of Celtic craftsmanship 198 Religion 200 The Celtic site at Ménfőcsanak 200

VIII. THE ROMAN PERIOD
Edited by ZSOLT VISY
Historical outline of the Roman period 205 The nature of research 205 Pannonia 205 Roman administration in Pannonia 205 The change in lifeways 206 Pannonia’s role in the Roman Empire 207 Pannonia in Antiquity 207 Changes in the 4th century 208 Questions of survival 208 The border defence of Pannonia 208 Fortifications 209 Watchtowers 213 The limes road 215 Late Roman forts in Pannonia 215 Roman roads in Transdanubia 218 The towns of Pannonia 221 The early development of Pannonian towns 221 Religious life in Pannonian towns 223 Savaria 224 Scarbantia 226 Aquincum: the civilian town 227 Brigetio 229 Sopianae 230 Aqueducts and public utilities 231 Licence, design, execution 232 Operation and maintenance 234 Regional establishments linked to water 234 Recent research results 234 The subsequent fate of Roman aqueducts 234 Rural settlements in Pannonia 235 Villas 235 Roman villas north of Lake Balaton 238 Rural settlements in Pannonia 241 Crafts and industry 243 Quarries 244 Brick kilns 244 Lime kilns 245 Pottery kilns 245 Glass 246 Ironworking 246 Bronzeworking 247 Cult centres in Pannonia 247 Burials 251 Burial rites in the Roman period 252 Burials and settlement layout 255 Funerary memorials and monuments 256 Roman period tumuli in Transdanubia 257

IX. THE BARBARICUM IN THE ROMAN PERIOD
Edited by ANDREA VADAY
Historical overview 265 The peoples of the Barbaricum during the Roman period 267 The Sarmatians 267 The Celts 269 The Dacians 269 The Quadi 270 The Vandals 271 The archaeology of the Sarmatian territories 271 Burials 271 Settlements 275 The archaeology of the northern and northeastern fringes of the Sarmatian settlement territory 278 Research perspectives 280

X. THE MIGRATION PERIOD
Edited by TIVADAR VIDA
Cross-roads of peoples and cultures 283 The Huns 284 History of the Huns 284 History of research 285 Burials and society 286 The Sarmatians in the Hun period 287 The Romanized population in the 5th–6th centuries 289 Germans and Alans in Transdanubia in the 5th century 291 The Ostrogoths 291 The Suebians 293 Germanic peoples in the Great Hungarian Plain during the 5th century 293 The Gepids 294 History 294 History of research 295 Cemeteries and society 296 Settlements 297 The Langobards 298 History 298 History of research 299 Cemeteries and society 300 Settlements and subsistence 301 The early and middle Avar period 302 History 302 History of research 302 Cemeteries and society 304 The middle Avar period 306 Crafts, costume and implements 306 Settlements and subsistence 307 The Late Avar period 308 History 308 History of research 308 Cemeteries and society 309 Crafts 310 Settlements 311 The Carolingian period 312 History 312 History of research 313 Cemeteries 314 Settlements 314 Mosaburg/Zalavár 315

XI. THE CONQUEST PERIOD
Edited by LÁSZLÓ RÉVÉSZ
The archaeological research of the Conquest period 321 10th–11th century settlements 326 Earthen forts 328 Crafts 331 The art and religion of the ancient Hungarians 333 The cemeteries of the Conquest period 338

XII. THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE POST-MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Edited by JÓZSEF LASZLOVSZKY
Medieval archaeology in Hungary 347 Medieval royal centres 348 Székesfehérvár 350 Esztergom 352 th century royal castles 353 The royal palace of Buda 355 The Gothic sculptures of Buda Castle 358 Buda Palace at the end of the Middle Ages 358 Visegrád 359 The re-creation of the Renaissance in Visegrád 362 The archaeology of Hungary’s medieval towns 364 The archaeological investigation of medieval urban structure 365 Medieval urban parish churches and hospitals 367 Urban archaeology and written sources 367 Medieval market towns 368 Cathe drals, monasteries and churches: the archaeology of ecclesiastic monuments 372 Medieval monasteries 372 The Franciscan friary in Visegrád 375 Castles, forts and stockades – medieval and Ottoman period military architecture 377 Minor castles 377 Royal castles in the later Middle Ages 378 Military architecture in Hungary during the Ottoman period 380 Palisaded forts in Hungary during the Ottoman period 381 Medieval villages and their fields 383 The structure of Árpádian Age rural settlements 384 A ‘buried landscape’: Árpádian Age settlement history in the Danube–Tisza interfluve 385 Village parish churches 385 The reconstruction of a medieval dwelling 386 Ethnic groups and cultures in medieval Hungary 388 Eastern ethnic groups in medieval Hungary 388 The archaeological legacy of the Pecheneg and Cumanian aristocracy 389 From aul to village: Cumanian and Jazygian settlements 391 Cumanian and Jazygian cemeteries 393 Ethnic groups in the towns of medieval Hungary 394 Jews and urbanization 395 Medieval material culture – medieval archaeology 397 Stoves with a story and artistic cups: late medieval pottery 398 The stove from the era of King Louis the Great in Visegrád 399 Gothic stoves and their influence on folk stoves 400 The Matthias period tiled stove from Visegrád Palace 401 “The more often a pitcher goes to the well…” 403 Ottoman period archaeology – post-medieval archaeology 405 The archaeology of the Ottoman period 405 Turkish material culture 409 The florescence and decline of villages 411 Hungarian material culture in the Ottoman period 412 An enigmatic settlement type: hamlets and farmsteads 413

XIII. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS
Edited by KATALIN VOLLÁK
Academicians in archaeology 415 Archaeological collections and museums 417 From King Matthias’s collection of antiquities to the Hungarian National Museum and specialized collections 417 The changing tasks of archaeological museums from the iremergence in the late 19th century until today 419 Excavations: from treasure hunting to motorway archaeology 419 Archaeological education and research at the universities 421 Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 421 Department of Archaeology, József Attila University, Szeged 423 Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs 425 Department of Prehistory and Ancient History, Miskolc University 425 Department of History, Berzsenyi Dániel College, Szombathely 425 Archaeology and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 426 Research policy and publications 426 Academic classification 426 Membership in the Academy 426 Publicbody 427 The Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 427 Listed archaeological sites – volunteers and amateurs in archaeology 428 Registration and databases 430 The conservation and exhibition of archaeological remains: archaeological parksand experimental archaeology 432 Hungarian archaeological sites on the World Heritage List 435 The integration of historic monument preservation into heritage projects 437 Index of sites 441 Select bibliography 451 List of illustrations 473 Chronological charts 483