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[Ulysses]

Hooton - Up from the Ape (New York, 1947, revised edition)

British Bronze Age Beaker type
Distinguishing Characters:
A. Head form: more massive and globular, less pointed than Dinaric
B. Face form: broader in malar region, squarer, gonial angles more marked
C. Nose form: fleshier than the ordinary Dinaric nose, shorter
D. Skin color: usually florid or ruddy
E. Hair color: oftener reddish
F. Body build: heavier and broader than average Dinaric

In the Bronze Age, or just before the introduction of bronze, Britain was invaded by tall, massive roundheads who seem to have come from about the same area near the mouth of the Rhine and northwestern Germany from which the later Anglo-Saxons sailed. Probably other brachycephals came to England later during this period, but the custom of cremation obscures their racial affinities. British anthropologists have long recognized a contemporary English and Scottish type as probably surviving from these Bronze Age invaders or as an effect of recombination of the same subracial elements. It is tall, heavy-boned, weighty and, in middle and advanced years, obese. The skin is usually florid or beefy, the eyes blue or light mixed. Sometimes, however, and especially in Shetland, and in parts of North England, and Scotland, and Ireland, the hair and skin are dark. The head is massive, brachycephalic and sometimes rather flattened behind. If the high, pointed Armenoid-Dinaric brachycephaly exist in this type, it is uncommon. Browridges are heavy, malars prominent, and the face rather broad, but not short. The nose is usually long, wide, and convex-decidely beaky. Beard and body hair are strongly developed.

It has ordinarily been considered an Alpine-Nordic cross, and it is clear enough that both of these elements frequently enter into its composition. However, the nasal convexity and occasionally flattened occiput perhaps qualify the type more correctly as Dinaric. This is the opinion of Coon, who points out that the blend could not have been formed in situ in Britain because of the absence of any antecedent Alpine type that is an essential ingredient. As a matter of fact, Coon thinks that the brachycephlic element in the John Bull type is closer to the ancient massive Borreby type that the supposedly reduced Alpine derivative.

If the Dinaric theory of British Bronze Age origins is correct, the type harks back in respect of its nasal convexity to some ultimately Middle or Near Eastern element, much adultered and modified by admixture with western European types. As a matter of fact, probably some of the so-called Bronze Age types are merely crosses of later Nordic longheaded blonds with the pure Alpines.